Setting the Short-Term and Long-Term Goals for Newlyweds

Setting the Short-term and Long-term Goals for Newlyweds It is important for the newlyweds to have a financial plans set up as it helps them have a focus in life and have a reason for saving money. The short-term goals would involve things that would not require a lot of money and thus would be achieved in a short time. The long-term goals on the other hand would entail things that require a lot of money to accomplish and thereby take more time to complete (McKeown, 2012). Short-term Goals The first short term goal that I would advise the couple to set is improving the outlook of their house. This would include buying equipment that they do not have but they need them. These items include things such as furniture and electrical†¦show more content†¦Deep freezer - save $30 monthly in a period of 6 months Clearing debts John’s debts - pay $125 per month in 1 year Beth’s debts – clear debt in 10 months by paying back $50 monthly Saving up funds for a rainy day – save $500 monthly Annual vacation – save $170 monthly for a period of 1 year Long-term Goals One of the long-term goals that I would advise the couple to set is building a house. They would have to decide they year they want to build the house and the size of the house they would prefer. This would help them estimate the amount they would need to save monthly. Including retirement funds as one of the long-term goals is also important. The couple should thus set a specific amount monthly to cater for this (Hallman Rosenbloom, 2003). The couple should decide the number of children they wish to have. This would help them plan for their education expenses and thereby make the burden light when they finally go to college. Setting aside a specific amount of money monthly is highly advised. I would also advise the couple to come up with a business idea that they would invest in and manage. They would therefore need to save monthly towards this course (Hallman Rosenbloom, 2003). Building a house - save $1500 monthly for the next 10 years Retirement funds - save $100 monthly until they retire Children’s college fees – save $ 500 monthly until the children have completed college Starting a familyShow MoreRelatedCh3766 Words   |  16 Pagespricing strategies. The most obvious response to the new economic realities is to cut prices and offer discounts. Thousands of companies have done just that. Lower prices make products more affordable and help spur short-term sales. However, such price cuts can have undesirable long-term consequences. Lower prices mean lower margins. Deep discounts may cheapen a brand in consumers eyes. And once a company cuts prices, it is difficult to raise them again when the economy recovers. RedFin, a companyRead MoreSummary of Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction, from Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature5202 Words   |  21 Pagesthrough social institutions, social roles and expectations, and through relationships with other people in our lives. -Interpersonal traits have long-term outcomes in our lives. For ex. Whether a person is controlling or easy going can affect aspects from: the conflicts he gets into with his spouse and work partners to the strategies he uses to achieve his goals. 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Its medium- and long-term development plans look to strengthen its agricultural sector to provide for the requirements of surrounding cities and provinces. Mindoro is one of the biggest sources of rice and fruit produce in Southern Luzon. Reviving Tourism in Mindoro[4] Mindoro

Queuing Up Free Essays

Long Queuing Time Pepper lunch restaurant is famous for providing hot, fast and delicious food to customers. It attracts many people to visit, no matter in peak hours or off peak hours. However Pepper Lunch Restaurant have a poor queuing for customers to buy their wanted dishes. We will write a custom essay sample on Queuing Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now According a servey, a customers said that when he buying a meal, he counted from queuing to get a meal on the get dishes area, it takes around 45minutes in peak hour while it takes at least 15 minutes in off peak hours. Customers have to spend much time when they visit Pepper Lunch Restaurant. The picture at the right hand side showed Pepper lunch restaurant had made a notice for customers which listed about the queuing time is around 20 minutes and apologize for that non-convenience issue. Therefore, the following part is focus on this problem and also suggests some improvements for long queuing time. There are several reasons in causing this problem. One of the reasons is the pepper lunch restaurant in Festival Walk lack a smart, fast and effective payment system. Only cash is accepted. Octopus card is not accepted as a payment method in the payment system. As all known, nowadays Octopus card is a well-known and very convenience payment method for people to use in buying things and pay transportation fare. Apart from the payment method, Pepper Lunch Restaurant only has one cashier for people to buy their meal. In peak hours, there are at least 20 people in the queue. In off peak hours, there are still 10 people in the queue. A survey interviewed 10 customers who standing outside the Pepper Lunch restaurant, asking whether they would give up if they saw a long queue outside the restaurant. Not surprisingly, 5 people said yes and they would choose other restaurant. The result showed that long queuing time is a serious problem to pepper lunch restaurant. Base on the above problems, we suggest the following improvements. Pepper Lunch Restaurant should install the Octopus card payment system for people to purchase the meal. The Octopus card payment system is a convenience system for payment. It is already widely used in buying food in some specific store or restaurant which installed the Octopus card payment system. Therefore, pepper lunch restaurant should install the Octopus card payment system for people to purchase the meal in order to reduce the time during the payment process and also to save time for change. Apart from installing the Octopus card payment system in the cashier counter, pepper lunch restaurant can set an auto-machine near the cashier counter. This auto-machine is quite like the auto-machine used in cinema. People can order their food by using this auto-machine with their octopus card. It will save much time in queuing. Although setting one more cashier counter, a self-purchase machine and the Octopus card payment system might slightly increase the cost, it can highly reduce the queuing time and attract more people to visit the restaurant. It definitely would be the best long-term plan for its business and helps to increase profits. Beside, pepper lunch restaurant should set one more cashier in the counter to shorter the waiting time for buying meal. If there are two cashiers in the counter, one cashier could be used for cash while the other could be used for octopus. It would be a great payment system and could shorter the queuing time effectively. The below picture is the orginal layout design of Pepper Lunch Restaurant in Festival Walk The fowlloing picture is our suggested layout design for Pepper Lunch Restaurant. How to cite Queuing Up, Papers

Presents Opportunities For Global Growth †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Presents Opportunities For Global Growth? Answer: Introducation Multinational companies operate in multiple target markets and opt for diverse modes of entering those markets. They target specific customer segments to whom they sell their products and earn revenue. They segment their target customers on the basis of demographics, life style patterns and income. They choose diverse modes of entering foreign markets like exports, acquisitions and mergers, franchisee models and wholly owned subsidiaries. These market entry strategies have led to the success of the multinational all over the world and generate robust profits for them. Pharmaceutical: The pharmaceutical industry is an international spread industry which offers medicines, medical instruments and various instruments used to treat and cure diseases all over the world. The products of this found demand all over the world because and generate huge revenue for the pharmaceutical companies. Most of the pharmaceutical companies in the world are public limited companies which generate huge capital from the securities market which account for their financial strength. The companies like Pfizer and Johnson Johnson are among the worlds top pharmaceutical companies operating in hundreds of countries and serving millions of customers. Johnson Johnson (JJ) and Pfzer: Johnsons Johnson and Pfizer are the leading pharmaceutical companies in the world and serving millions of customers. These two companies manufacture consumer products and pharmaceutical drugs. JJ in addition manufactures surgical instruments, which are used by medical practitioners all over the world to perform crucial surgeries. These two companies are headquartered in the United States and are the toughest international competitors in the pharmaceutical industry. Johnson and Johnson (JJ): Target market Johnson Johnson(JJ) uses the target market segmentation theory to segment its market into segments consisting of people of all ages, lifestyle, country and income bracket. The target market of the company consist of laboratories, medical professionals, small pharmaceutical firms from all round the world and individual customers who consume its products. The product line of the company consists of consumer products, pharmaceutical products and medical devices(Hinterhuber and Liozu 2014). Target markets for the consumer and pharmaceutical products: The consumer products are further subdivided into baby and beauty products and health and healing products. The baby and beauty products segment consists of products like Johnsons baby care range of products, Clean Clear face care products, Aveeno and Neutrogena. The health and healing products consists of products like band-aid tapes, Mortin liquid gels and Benadryl allergy treatments. The pharmaceutical products consists of wide range of prescribed drugs used to heal a wide range of diseases like cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. The target markets for these two categories of products consist of both business customers like hospitals, pathological centres and individual customers. The JJ baby products target the babies while the products like Clean Clear target adult customers. It can also be pointed out that the JJ baby products are of high quality and are expensive. As a result the target market of these products are mainly middle and upper class customers who hav e sufficient disposable income to buy expensive skin care products. The pharmaceutical products target customers of all ages and income groups because they consist of medicines which are among the basic necessities of life(jnj.com. 2017) Target market for the medical devices: The target customers for the third category of products manufactured by JJ, the medical devices are the nursing home, hospitals and medical practitioners. These customers are business customers who purchase expensive medical devices manufactured by the pharmaceutical giant to conduct complicated and urgent medical operations. An analysis of the above customer segments show that apart from the business and individual customers, the target customer segments of the company also consist of medical stockists and wholesalers who buy the Johnson Johnson products to sell them in the retail markets all round the world to the end customers(Farfan-Portet et al. 2014). Modes of entry of markets: Johnson Johnson(JJ) follows two global expansion theories to enter foreign markets namely, wholly owned subsidiary and mergers and acquisition methods. The multinational pharmaceutical company enters foreign countries using wholly owned subsidiaries, which are public companies, listed on the stock exchanges. An analysis of wholly owned approach shows that compared to approaches like franchisee and export market entry strategies, the company is able to raise fund from the host countries by following this approach. JJ has wholly owned subsidiaries in both the developed markets of Europe and America and developing markets of Asia(Chang, Chung and Moon 2013). The subsidiaries are able to raise capital from the host countries and finance development of products suited to the local conditions which help the company to cater to the more specific needs of the local customer segment. This helps the company to gain deeper market penetration and earn higher profits(Lpez-Duarte and Vidal-Surez 2013). The second foreign market entry strategy or theory followed by JJ is acquisitions and mergers. The company acquires smaller pharmaceutical companies and laboratories all across the world. The company operates one hundred and thirty four manufacturing facilities and eight innovation laboratories all across the world. Its principal research facilities are present in the US, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, the UK and India. These facilities help the company to carry out exhaustive research and development to bring out more developed and advanced products capable of fighting diseases more effectively(Lebedev et al. 2015). It can be pointed out that the research laboratories facilitate open innovations, which are crucial for the companys competitive advantage in the international market. Target markets The target markets of Pfizer consist of both business and individual consumers. The product line of the company consists of consumer products and pharmaceutical products. The consumer products of the company consist of products like Chap Stick lip balms and multivitamin tablets. The pharmaceutical goods include a wide range of drugs which are used to fight critical diseases. A comparison between Johnson Johnson and Pfizer shows that the former more successful in launching three types of products. Pfizer does not manufacture surgical instruments. An evaluation of the target market shows that the products of the company target business and individual customers like JJ. The company caters to individual customers through both its product categories. Business customers like hospitals and clinics who use them to treat patients purchase the pharmaceutical products of the company. There target business customers of Pfizer consist of a large number of medicine stockists and wholesalers who b uy products from the company and sell them to the retailers(Pfizer.com. 2017). The company does not manufacture surgical instruments and hence, does not cater to the hospitals and laboratories in this segment unlike JJ. Alternative views: It can be pointed out that JJ manufactures three categories of products namly consumer products, pharmaceutical products and surgical instruments compared to Pfizer which manufactures only the first two categories of products. This is responsible for the success of JJ in catering to a greater consumer base and giving Pfizer a stiff competition internationally. It can recommended that Pfizer as an alternative to its two product categories strategy should follow product line expansion strategy. This will help the company to gain more competitive advantage in the international market by catering to a larger target customer base(Hanks 2015). Global market entry strategy of Pfizer: The market entry strategy or theory of Pfizer consists of green chemistry innovation and innovative commercial models which would allow the company to strengthen its global market hold. An analysis of the market entry strategies of the company shows that its apex management was did not consider acquisitions and merges as profitable market entry strategies. However, Pfizer acquired Warner-Lambert, the American pharmaceutical company to strengthen its market position(Forbes.com. 2017). The company has prepared its own global innovative commercial models to enter and strengthen markets. The innovative model divides the total market of Pfizer into three categories, the branded emerging markets of Asia and Brazil, branded traditional markets of Japan, Western Europe and South Korea and patent protected markets of the USA and Canada. It can evaluated that this market entry strategy of Pfizer has enable it to carry out large scale open innovations in its host countries to manufacture drugs which are more suited to the local needs(Press.pfizer.com. 2017). This approach like JJ has allowed Pfizer to gain greater competitive advantage internationally by offering market specific drugs and earning higher revenue. Global branding: Multinational companies use global branding strategies to sell and market their products internationally. They manufacture and offer products which are also big brands consumed by people all over the world. This global branding strategy helps the multinational companies sell the products in the global markets, earn huge revenue and gain competitive advantage in the world market. Food industry: The food industry is an internationally spread industry which manufactures and markets food products of all types like dairy, desserts and cereals. The industry is worth billions of dollars and contain some of the biggest companies in the world like Nestle. Nestle and Mondelez International: Nestle and Mondelez International are among the largest food companies in the world. Nestle apply global branding theory to sell its branded products like Kit Kat and Maggi noodles. Mondelez International is an American multinational company and owns brands like Cadbury and Oreo. These two companies owing to the products of same category(Kit Kat for Nestle and Dairy Milk for Mondelez International) are the toughest rivals who use their brand power to sell their products and earn huge revenue. Nestle: Nestle is the largest manufacturer and marketer of food products in the world and the owner of globally branded products like Nescafe, Maggi and Kit Kat. The company follows a global branding strategy to gain maximum penetration in the international market. The company and its products are worth billions of Swiss Francs and have a high position in the market. The company owns and protects patents worth billions. Nestle follows global branding strategically to maintain these brands and use them to sell products to earn high revenue(Nestle.com. 2017). Global branding strategy of Nestle: Nestle uses global branding theory by branding its products very high in the international market and gain deeper market penetration. The global branding strategy of Nestle stands on six pillars and embraces digital marketing of the brands as well. The company first profiles the target customer segments and then creates the essence of the brands to show how the brands would create value for these customers. The value created by the high quality branded products of Nestle form the third pillar of the global branding strategy. The fourth pillar consists of bringing about innovation in these branded products to augment the value they cause to the consumers. The fifth pillar is all about creating global distribution channels to make Nestle products available to the consumers and the sixth pillar consists of execution of the total branding strategy(Media Marketing. 2017). An analysis of this global branding strategy shows that the companys branding strategy starts from market segmentation , proceeds through recognising their needs, designing products for them, carrying out continuous innovation in the products to add value to the customers usage and then finally establishing distribution channel to make these products available to the customers. It can be evaluated that this detailed global branding strategy followed by Nestle has helped the company establish its products as top brands in the market internationally(De Mooij 2013). Mondelez International Inc. Mondelez International Inc is an American multinational company, which offers branded food products like chocolate bars, chocolate drinks and biscuits. The company uses branding theory to make its global brand strategy. The company owns brands like Cadbury, Bournvita, Cote DOr, Clight, Oreo and Wheat Thins. The company follows a aggressive global branding strategy to maintain its high position in the international market(mondelezinternational.com. 2017). Global Branding strategy of Mondelez International Inc. The branding strategy of Mondelez International stands on three pillars which also form part of its growth strategy. The first pillar consists of recognising the appropriate customer segments to whom the company would sell its products. The second pillar consists of marking the principal markets where the company can sell its premium products. The third pillar consists of establishment of an international distribution channel, which the company can to make its products available to the consumers. The distribution channel of the company would also include ecommerce portals on which the customers can order Mondelez International products online(Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2013). Evaluation of the global branding strategies of Nestle and Mondelez International Inc: A comparison of the global branding strategies of Nestle and Mondelez International shows that the strategy of the former is more powerful than the latter. The global branding strategy of Nestle starts with recognition of appropriate customer segments, followed by recognition of their needs, designing products for them and bringing about innovation in response to their needs. The branding strategy also includes establishment of the a network of distributors who would distribute the products(Czinkota, Kaufmann and Basile 2014). However, the branding strategy of Mondelez does not speak explicitly about product innovations, which are so important to bring about improvement in the products and maintain their brand strength in the market. The power of the global branding of Nestle is evident from its higher global position. An analysis of Mondelezs branding strategy shows that the company strategy is more concerned about the American market and does not include the other important markets like Asia. The global branding strategy of Nestle is more global in nature and embraces all the important markets in the world like North America, South America, Asia and Europe(Boyland and Halford 2013). It can be pointed out that an exhaustive product line consisting of high quality branded products have led to the success of Nestle in the market. It is this global branding supported by high quality products which has helped Nestle to be a most successful company in the food industry. An alternative approach recommended to Mondelez Internationals global branding: The above discussion clearly points out that the global branding of Nestle is more powerful than Mondelez International. It can be recommended to Mondelez International that the company should expand its global branding to embrace innovations and product development in explicit ways. Secondly, as an alternative to its branding strategy centred on the US, the company must expand its branding strategy to incorporate all the major markets like Asia and Europe(De Mooij 2013). Conclusion: It can be concluded from comparison between Pfizer and JJ on the basis of target markets and modes of entry that Pfizer should enter the surgical instrument market. The company as a result would be able to serve more business customers like hospitals and earn huge profits by selling them expensive instruments. It can be recommended to the pharmaceutical companies that they should enter more markets and earn revenue by selling their products. They can diversify their extremely high cost of production over this increased revenue base to lkower the prices of their products. This would enable more consumers in the world to use their products. As far as Mondelez International is concerned, the company should expand and strengthen its global branding strategies. The company should expand its branding plans to incorporate its host countries like the UK and European countries as well. It can be recommended to the food industry that the it should offer higher quality products at affordable pr ices to consumers. References: Boyland, E.J. and Halford, J.C., 2013. Television advertising and branding. Effects on eating behaviour and food preferences in children.Appetite,62, pp.236-241. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G.A. and Riesenberger, J.R., 2013.A framework for international business. Pearson. Chang, S.J., Chung, J. and Moon, J.J., 2013. When do wholly owned subsidiaries perform better than joint ventures?. Strategic Management Journal,34(3), pp.317-337. Czinkota, M., Kaufmann, H.R. and Basile, G., 2014. The relationship between legitimacy, reputation, sustainability and branding for companies and their supply chains.Industrial Marketing Management,43(1), pp.91-101. De Mooij, M., 2013. Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Devices, M. 2017.Medical Devices Products | Johnson Johnson. [online] Available at: https://www.jnj.com/healthcare-products/medical-devices [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Farfan-Portet, M.I., Gerkens, S., Lepage-Nefkens, I., Vinck, I. and Hulstaert, F., 2014. Are biosimilars the next tool to guarantee cost-containment for pharmaceutical expenditures Forbes.com. 2017.Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnlamattina/2014/05/06/major-acquisitions-now-a-necessary-part-of-pfizers-future-strategy/#1d25ccad54a1 [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Hanks, S.H., 2015. The organization life cycle: Integrating content and process.Journal of Small Business Strategy,1(1), pp.1-12. Hinterhuber, A. and Liozu, S.M., 2014. Is innovation in pricing your next source of competitive advantage?.Business Horizons,57(3), pp.413-423. Lebedev, S., Peng, M.W., Xie, E. and Stevens, C.E., 2015. Mergers and acquisitions in and out of emerging economies.Journal of World Business,50(4), pp.651-662. Lpez-Duarte, C. and Vidal-Surez, M.M., 2013. Cultural distance and the choice between wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures.Journal of Business Research,66(11), pp.2252-2261. Media Marketing. (2017).Nestl: Strategic building of brands, creativity and discipline are the key to success - Media Marketing. [online] Available at: https://www.media-marketing.com/en/interview/nestle-strategic-building-of-brands-creativity-and-discipline-are-the-key-to-success/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. mondelezinternational.com. 2017.Brand Family. [online] Available at: https://www.mondelezinternational.com/brand-family [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Nestle.com. 2017.Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.nestle.com/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Pfizer.com. 2017.Our products | Pfizer: One of the world's premier biopharmaceutical companies. [online] Available at: https://www.pfizer.com/products [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Press.pfizer.com. 2017.Pfizer Presents New Opportunities for Global Growth | Pfizer Pharmaceutical News and Media | Pfizer: the world's largest research-based pharmaceutical company. [online] Available at: https://press.pfizer.com/press-release/pfizer-presents-new-opportunities-global-growth [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017].

The Voice by Thomas Hardy Essay Example For Students

The Voice by Thomas Hardy Essay Thomas Hardys poem The Voice is a short, four-stanza poem with an alternating rhythm scheme, the first and third, and second and fourth line of each stanza rhyming. The subject if the poem is a man remembering his lost love. As he walks around the places he went with her, remembering her, he imagines that he can hear her voice, before realising he is alone. The poem has a lonely, elegiac feel, and Hardy uses many linguistic techniques to achieve this. The poem is entirely written in the first person, making it feel very personal, and the first three stanzas are directed to the lost love herself. This demonstrates that the speaker is alone and lonely; choosing to speak to a ghost and revel in fantasies of hearing her voice, rather than interacting with other people. He repeatedly uses the word you to refer to her, which reinforces the subject of his obsession. In the first stanza, the speaker looks back at his relationship. We will write a custom essay on The Voice by Thomas Hardy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He dwells on his loss, using alliteration in the first line, much missed, to refer to his feelings for her; and on his imaginings of her, shown by the use of repetition in the phrase, how you call to me, call to me. However it is not the actual woman he can hear calling to him, but a fantasy of how their relationship was when they were first together and happy, or when our day was fair. In the second stanza he asks a question, Can it be you I hear? which may be a rhetorical question, or may literally be aimed at the voice he imagines he hears. He makes a demand of the voice, going from an interrogative statement to an imperative one, before being carried away as he reminisces about their past. He repeats the idea of his memory or fantasy of her being the way she was when they first met, the second stanzas as I knew you then, echoing the first stanzas the one who was all to me, as at first. He gives more weight to his memories and helps makes them more real to the reader by adding specific details, such as the fact she would wait for him at the town, and using the adjective air-blue to describe his lost loves dress. The use of the word air, while it can be used simply to describe a shade of blue, also evokes a feeling of impermanence and ghostly spirit; perhaps Hardy is comparing the airy colour of her dress to the airy spirit he is feeling around him. In the third stanza, halfway through the poem, the speaker comes back to reality, breaking his dream state by talking about more prosaic, real-life things: is it only a breeze? However this rhetorical question could again be aimed either at himself, or at his loves fading memory or ghostly presence. He personifies the breeze with the adjective listless, which adds to the generally mournful air. He wonders about the breeze, describing its passage over the wet mead, which serves the dual purpose of bringing the speaker back to reality as he slowly lets go of his illusion, while the adjective wet adds to the generally depressing air and forms a contrast to his description of the happy days of their early relationship as fair, a word that can indicate both happiness and good weather. As the speaker returns from his reverie into the real world, he shows how the illusion of his love is slipping away with the metaphoric imagery of her being ever dissolved to wan wistlessness. The alliteration of wan wistlessness reinforces the sense of loss that accompanies this idea of her slipping away from his mind and his memories as time passes. In the fourth and last stanza, the speaker is he was in the beginning, alone, trying to move on with his life, or as he puts it, faltering forward. .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 , .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 .postImageUrl , .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 , .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810:hover , .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810:visited , .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810:active { border:0!important; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810:active , .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810 .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3792b0176a24795fe4876cc5d85e8810:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: There is a famous statement thatthere is an old quarrel between philosophy and poetry EssayThis alliteration is by equal measures hopeful and despondent; it suggests he is trying to move on with his life, but is doing so hesitantly and unwillingly. He again uses descriptions of his physical surroundings to show the developing loss of his dream world: the leaves are falling, and the adjective oozing is used to describe the wind, a device that has the same affect as the use of wet mead in the third stanza. Oozing thin is also somewhat onomatopoeic and suggests that the wind is creeping or flowing like water, but slowly, perhaps hardly there, perhaps given the next sentence, I hear the woman calling carrying the aura of the speakers lost love. He no longer attempts to speak to her, referring to her in the third person as simply the woman. And thus even as the speaker returns to the real world, attempting to move forward with his life and assign his ghosts to the past, he still feels her presence there, calling to him.

Who is special enough for special education essays

Who is special enough for special education essays Have you ever wanted to be smarter? Wished that you had all the gifts and abilities that are associated with being a super human genius? Coveted the inconceivable abilities of masterminds such as Galileo and Einstein? Throughout the history of man it has been these kinds of great minds that deviate from the current method of thinking, in turn creating new lines of reason and more holistic understandings of the world around us. We label them gifted and talented but they are truly our inventors, our leaders, our Mozarts and Michelangelos. In spite of this they are at risk for extinction. Presently, the sociocultural surrounding in which our children grow do not cater to the needs of these gifted. Their cognitive abilities deviate from norm just as the mentally retarded, yet they are rarely viewed as deviants who need special attention. More often, they are viewed as better off than the majority to begin with and, consequently, are expected to develop to their fullest potential without much help. But just as athletes must constantly condition their muscles, so must the gifted condition their minds. Although all states are required to comply with the federal mandate of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (1991), providing special education and services to the lower end deviants of the intelligence curve, no federal law protects the other end of the curve. The lack of a mandate, which would provide an appropriate, and nourishing learning environment for the gifted has severe implications on their cognitive and psychosocial development. Not once in the Individuals with Disabilities Act is the word gifted ever mentioned. Not one paragraph is dedicated to their benefit. Luckily, 33 states have opted on their own to require their school boards to create some form of gifted and talented programs. The problem is that little over half of these state programs necessitate teacher endorseme...

Panama Canal - History and Overview

Panama Canal - History and Overview The 48 mile-long (77 km) international waterway known as the Panama Canal allows ships to pass between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean, saving about 8000 miles (12,875 km) from a journey around the southern tip of South America, Cape Horn. History of the Panama Canal The new Panamanian government authorized French businessman Philippe Bunau-Varilla, to negotiate a treaty with the United States. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty allowed the U.S. to build the Panama Canal and provided for perpetual control of a zone five-miles wide on either side of the canal. Although the French had attempted construction of a canal in the 1880s, the Panama Canal was successfully built from 1904 to 1914. Once the canal was complete the U.S. held a swath of land running the approximately 50 miles across the isthmus of Panama. The division of the country of Panama into two parts by the U.S. territory of the Canal Zone caused tension throughout the twentieth century. Additionally, the self-contained Canal Zone (the official name for the U.S. territory in Panama) contributed little to the Panamanian economy. The residents of the Canal Zone were primarily U.S. citizens and West Indians who worked in the Zone and on the canal. Anger flared in the 1960s and led to anti-American riots. The U.S. and Panamanian governments began to work together to solve the territorial issue. In 1977, U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed a treaty which agreed to return 60% of the Canal Zone to Panama in 1979. The canal and remaining territory, known as the Canal Area, was returned to Panama at noon (local Panama time) on December 31, 1999. Additionally, from 1979 to 1999, a bi-national transitional Panama Canal Commission ran the canal, with an American leader for the first decade and a Panamanian administrator for the second. The transition at the end of 1999 was very smooth, for over 90% of the canal employees were Panamanian by 1996. The 1977 treaty established the canal as a neutral international waterway and even in times of war any vessel is guaranteed safe passage. After the 1999 hand-over, the U.S. and Panama jointly shared duties in defending the canal. Operation of the Panama Canal It takes approximately fifteen hours to traverse the canal through its three sets of locks (about half the time is spent waiting due to traffic). Ships passing through the canal from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean actually move from the northwest to the southeast, due to the east-west orientation of the Isthmus of Panama. Panama Canal Expansion In September, 2007 work began on a $5.2 billion project to expand the Panama Canal. Expected to be complete in 2014, the Panama Canal expansion project will allow ships double the size of current Panamax to pass through the canal, dramatically increasing the amount of goods that can pass through the canal.

Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dance - Essay Example a communicator, does not seem to have come all that from the time when grunts and gesticulations were the main ways of getting message across.†Ã‚ ¹ He opines that in our day to day life we mostly lean heavily on indirect gestures and charades. HDoubler in the introduction of his classic book Dance says that the basis of unrest is the necessity to live and the unrest is the activity that has a purpose, â€Å"working toward the restoration of harmony with environment or self as the case may be.†  ² The history of dance reveals that in prehistoric era it was unintentional movement to please gods and the performer had no idea that he was creating art. The movements were rhythmical sometimes whirling to go beyond the ego and to become one with the whole. Dance was the media to express the pent up feeling, emotions and beliefs. ³ The changes the people experienced through out the life span had also been the subject matter in primitive cultures. Changes of seasons and the changes that came about on the winning or loosing wars were all expressed in dances. With the development of cultures two kinds of dance emerged: social dances and magical and religious dances. â€Å"The medicine men of primitive cultures, whose power to invoke the assistance of a god were feared and respected, are considered by many to be the first choreographers, or composers of formal dances.†4. Christine Loma is of the view that existing theatrical aesthetic ignores the social context of dance; the existing aesthetic gives importance to form and content. She refutes the common theory of aesthetic and instead brings out the more ‘appropriate aesthetic’, as she suggests, which emphasizes context and intent instead of form and content. To her the role of community dance, be it ceremonial or ritual, is to reconcile past, present and future. In giving more importance to celebrations â€Å"we emphasize the relationship of self and community. We all are bearers of our community experience as individual

Lab dispersal time Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dispersal time - Lab Report Example Animal activity is one of the primary agents bringing seeds to the surface of the soil and burying them. It is, therefore, a profound factor that affects the seed bank contribution to plant recruitment. Also, Earthworms, among animal species are recognized as crucial predators and dispersers of seeds. Seed dispersal is the motion of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants rely on a variety of vectors (living or nonliving) for dispersal (Murray, 2011). The type of the vector responsible for the dispersal of a particular seed is suited to by the general seed characteristics. Common modes of dispersal include gravity, wind, animal, water and ballistic. A particular seed may be acted upon by more than one vector, depending on the conditions and seed type. Exposed seeds on surfaces of soils are vulnerable to extreme contents of moisture and temperature, thus compromising the viability of seeds. In addition, they are easily detected by predators (Hirsch, 2012) Researchers have established that secondary dispersal is a critical characteristic that influences seed survival (Lal, 2002). Secondary dispersal can be defined as the movement of seeds across, and into, the soil (Forget, 2005). When seeds are placed on soil columns, some will penetrate to deeper levels than others, and some will disperse throughout the soil column. In addition to morphology, the role a facilitator species plays affects dispersal. In this case, an earthworm is the facilitator species. The facilitator species activity has a substantial impact on the soil seed bank dynamics and hence on the possibility of plant recruitment in an ecosystem at large (Allessio, Thomas, & Simpson, 2012). Milkweed, buckthorn, sumac and burdock seeds have different morphological features; Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) seeds are shiny, silky seeds which have snow- white fluffs. They are contained in con-shaped seedpods which crack open when dry to disperse the

Education system essay Essay Example for Free

Education system essay Essay From the articles I have read, it seems as though parents, teachers, and the education system continue to blame one another for poor student performance in school and on state tests. However, I believe that each of these groups plays a key role in student success or failure. School administration and board members seem to be completely oblivious to the real reasons students perform poorly and parents lack involvment in their childrens schooling and education at home. I do believe that income does play a key role in education, however, I dont agree with it. Schools in low income neighborhoods dont recieve the proper funding to provide students with the materials they need to be successful in school, but the students dont score high enough on state tests to earn the school money for these materials; its a lose lose situation (Barbanel, 2002). For these issues, I believe the lack of government involvment and recognition is the cause of student failure. Despite all these factors, students should also be held accountable for being successful in school. Even if schools recieve proper funding, materials, and training, it is ultimately up to the student to stay motivated to succeed. From personal experience, I found that it was much easier to stay motivated in classes that I felt engaged in. The classes that teachers made a connection with me in and really knew their stuff were always the classes I had a higher success rate in. I think teacher involvement is a huge deal in school, it makes a student want to go to school, and feel like they belong rather than just going because they have to. Recently, Maine and fourty-four other states have adopted the new Common Core standards that will make academic standards even higher for kids in grades K-12 (Gallagher, 2013). The purpose of these standards is to increase critical thinking skills and teach students to solve problems on their own. Common Core is designed to allow teachers to be facilitators and students to take responsiblity for their own education. However, as positive and ecouraging as Common Core sounds, experts say that a drop as high as 40% will be seen in the new testing in 2015 (Gallagher, 2013). ____________________________________________________________ BARBANEL, J. (2002, March 31). Elementary and Middle School Report Cards. Retrieved from The New York Times: http://ethemes.pearsoncmg.com/0205405940/article_06/index.html Ghallagher, N. K. (2013, July 7). Back-to-school means facing tougher academic standards this fall | The Kennebec Journal, Augusta, ME. Retrieved from http://www.kjonline.com/news/test-scores-likely-to-drop-under-new-standards_2013-07-20.html

Shakespeares Othello - Loving Desdemona :: Othello essays

Loving Desdemona  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare, in his tragic drama Othello, creates a most exquisite character in the person of Desdemona. Her many virtues clearly require that she be given detailed consideration by every Christian member of the audience.    David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies describes the depth of virtue within this tragic heroine:    We believe her [Desdemona] when she says that she does not even know what it means to be unfaithful; the word â€Å"whore† is not in her vocabulary. She is defenseless against the charges brought against her because she does not even comprehend them, cannot believe that anyone would imagine such things. Her love, both erotic and chaste, is of that transcendent wholesomeness common to several late Shakespearean heroines [. . .]. Her â€Å"preferring† Othello to her father, like Cordelia’s placing her duty to a husband before that to a father, is not ungrateful but natural and proper. (221)    Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants interprets the protagonist’s very meaningful four-word greeting to Desdemona which he utters upon disembarking in Cyprus:    Othello’s four words, â€Å"O, my soul’s joy,† tell us that this beautiful Venetian girl has brought great joy, felicity, bliss to the very depths of his soul. This exquisitely beautiful love that has come to a thoughtful, earnest man is indescribably impressive. For him it is   heaven on earth. And all the while, almost within arm’s length, stands Iago, the embodiment of evil, like the serpent in the Garden of Eden. (87)    In Act 1 Scene1, Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken him with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. In response to Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed and, with Roderigo’s help, gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The father’s attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much worse than before:    It is too true an evil: gone she is;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And what's to come of my despised time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is nought but bitterness. (1.1)    So obviously the senator has great respect for his daughter, or at least for the comforts which she has afforded him up the beginning of the play.

Functions of Management

Week One Individual Paper: Functions of Management Vicky L. Minik MGT/330 January 13, 2013 Dr. Kathleen Dominick Week One Individual Paper: Functions of Management The four functions of management planning, organizing, leading, and controlling will impact greatly organizational success because no matter what type of organization it is for instance it can be retail, food, labor, construction, military, or service industries like hospitals, police, or even nonprofit organizations they all follow the four functions of management to get the job done effectively and efficiently.Without one of the four functions correctly carried out management will have failed and production or service will experience negative outcomes significantly. Management’s functions are to achieve goals through working with and through people (Management Innovations, 2008). Each of the four management functions are valuable, and one cannot function without the other. Managers must create a detailed action pl an toward a specific goal. Determining what the organization goals are and how to achieve them, management can begin planning towards the intended objective.Setting aims and following up on the execution of the plan is a critical step in the planning process. Ensuring that the plan is both effective and efficient must be included in the initial plan. In some situations involving the employees in the planning process will empower them to get the task completed. Organizing is usually the second step in a manager’s responsibilities of his or her functions. Knowing how many people and what resources are needed for the completion of the organizations target goal is critical to the success of the company.A manager will determine how to delegate or distribute task and position employees according to the plan. Possessing all the necessary resources so that the employees can accomplish their jobs is a process in organizing for the success of the company. Without an organized workplace a manager will face negative outcomes in reaching the planned task and will reflect in job performance. The next step is leading and is accomplished by communicating, motivating, and encouraging employees toward productivity.Leading and managing is not the same thing contrary to popular belief. Leading is the influencing of people so that they will contribute to organization and group goals; it has to do predominantly with the interpersonal aspect of managing (Olum, July). A manager manages employees making sure that tasks are completed on time and policies are followed and adhered to. Employees see managers as one that will motivate and guide them to assist them to reach the firm’s goals. In an ideal situation a manager is also a leader.Managers who want to lead effectively need to discover what motivates their employees and what inspires them to reach the organization objectives. Controlling is the fourth and final step in the process in which the manager evaluates and mon itors the results of the accomplished goal and its effectiveness and efficiency. Managers need to pay close attention to cost incurred while fulfilling the plan. If resources are not available because of lacking funds, the organization goal cannot be accomplished.Paying attention to the performance as well as the cost, making adjustment accordingly will assist in the company in making a profit that in turn aids the employees with job satisfaction and security. An effective manager will share this information with their employees to enhance and build trust through involvement. Being a manager involves different tasks that vary. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are four of the main functions that must be performed in any management position.Management is a balancing act of many diverse workings and a good manager will maintain the balance and keep employees motivated to reach the organizations goals. A manager who administers the four functions properly will be the reaso n why the organization will have success. References Management Innovations. (December 03, 2008). Define Management & Its Functions. Retrieved from http://managementinnovations. wordpress. com/2008/12/03/define-management-its-functions Olum, Y. (July 12, 2004). Modern Management Theories and Practices. Retrieved from http://upan1. un. org/intradoc/groups/public/document/AAPAM/UNPAN025765pdf. Functions of Management Week One Individual Paper: Functions of Management Vicky L. Minik MGT/330 January 13, 2013 Dr. Kathleen Dominick Week One Individual Paper: Functions of Management The four functions of management planning, organizing, leading, and controlling will impact greatly organizational success because no matter what type of organization it is for instance it can be retail, food, labor, construction, military, or service industries like hospitals, police, or even nonprofit organizations they all follow the four functions of management to get the job done effectively and efficiently.Without one of the four functions correctly carried out management will have failed and production or service will experience negative outcomes significantly. Management’s functions are to achieve goals through working with and through people (Management Innovations, 2008). Each of the four management functions are valuable, and one cannot function without the other. Managers must create a detailed action pl an toward a specific goal. Determining what the organization goals are and how to achieve them, management can begin planning towards the intended objective.Setting aims and following up on the execution of the plan is a critical step in the planning process. Ensuring that the plan is both effective and efficient must be included in the initial plan. In some situations involving the employees in the planning process will empower them to get the task completed. Organizing is usually the second step in a manager’s responsibilities of his or her functions. Knowing how many people and what resources are needed for the completion of the organizations target goal is critical to the success of the company.A manager will determine how to delegate or distribute task and position employees according to the plan. Possessing all the necessary resources so that the employees can accomplish their jobs is a process in organizing for the success of the company. Without an organized workplace a manager will face negative outcomes in reaching the planned task and will reflect in job performance. The next step is leading and is accomplished by communicating, motivating, and encouraging employees toward productivity.Leading and managing is not the same thing contrary to popular belief. Leading is the influencing of people so that they will contribute to organization and group goals; it has to do predominantly with the interpersonal aspect of managing (Olum, July). A manager manages employees making sure that tasks are completed on time and policies are followed and adhered to. Employees see managers as one that will motivate and guide them to assist them to reach the firm’s goals. In an ideal situation a manager is also a leader.Managers who want to lead effectively need to discover what motivates their employees and what inspires them to reach the organization objectives. Controlling is the fourth and final step in the process in which the manager evaluates and mon itors the results of the accomplished goal and its effectiveness and efficiency. Managers need to pay close attention to cost incurred while fulfilling the plan. If resources are not available because of lacking funds, the organization goal cannot be accomplished.Paying attention to the performance as well as the cost, making adjustment accordingly will assist in the company in making a profit that in turn aids the employees with job satisfaction and security. An effective manager will share this information with their employees to enhance and build trust through involvement. Being a manager involves different tasks that vary. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are four of the main functions that must be performed in any management position.Management is a balancing act of many diverse workings and a good manager will maintain the balance and keep employees motivated to reach the organizations goals. A manager who administers the four functions properly will be the reaso n why the organization will have success. References Management Innovations. (December 03, 2008). Define Management & Its Functions. Retrieved from http://managementinnovations. wordpress. com/2008/12/03/define-management-its-functions Olum, Y. (July 12, 2004). Modern Management Theories and Practices. Retrieved from http://upan1. un. org/intradoc/groups/public/document/AAPAM/UNPAN025765pdf. Functions of Management Week One Individual Paper: Functions of Management Vicky L. Minik MGT/330 January 13, 2013 Dr. Kathleen Dominick Week One Individual Paper: Functions of Management The four functions of management planning, organizing, leading, and controlling will impact greatly organizational success because no matter what type of organization it is for instance it can be retail, food, labor, construction, military, or service industries like hospitals, police, or even nonprofit organizations they all follow the four functions of management to get the job done effectively and efficiently.Without one of the four functions correctly carried out management will have failed and production or service will experience negative outcomes significantly. Management’s functions are to achieve goals through working with and through people (Management Innovations, 2008). Each of the four management functions are valuable, and one cannot function without the other. Managers must create a detailed action pl an toward a specific goal. Determining what the organization goals are and how to achieve them, management can begin planning towards the intended objective.Setting aims and following up on the execution of the plan is a critical step in the planning process. Ensuring that the plan is both effective and efficient must be included in the initial plan. In some situations involving the employees in the planning process will empower them to get the task completed. Organizing is usually the second step in a manager’s responsibilities of his or her functions. Knowing how many people and what resources are needed for the completion of the organizations target goal is critical to the success of the company.A manager will determine how to delegate or distribute task and position employees according to the plan. Possessing all the necessary resources so that the employees can accomplish their jobs is a process in organizing for the success of the company. Without an organized workplace a manager will face negative outcomes in reaching the planned task and will reflect in job performance. The next step is leading and is accomplished by communicating, motivating, and encouraging employees toward productivity.Leading and managing is not the same thing contrary to popular belief. Leading is the influencing of people so that they will contribute to organization and group goals; it has to do predominantly with the interpersonal aspect of managing (Olum, July). A manager manages employees making sure that tasks are completed on time and policies are followed and adhered to. Employees see managers as one that will motivate and guide them to assist them to reach the firm’s goals. In an ideal situation a manager is also a leader.Managers who want to lead effectively need to discover what motivates their employees and what inspires them to reach the organization objectives. Controlling is the fourth and final step in the process in which the manager evaluates and mon itors the results of the accomplished goal and its effectiveness and efficiency. Managers need to pay close attention to cost incurred while fulfilling the plan. If resources are not available because of lacking funds, the organization goal cannot be accomplished.Paying attention to the performance as well as the cost, making adjustment accordingly will assist in the company in making a profit that in turn aids the employees with job satisfaction and security. An effective manager will share this information with their employees to enhance and build trust through involvement. Being a manager involves different tasks that vary. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are four of the main functions that must be performed in any management position.Management is a balancing act of many diverse workings and a good manager will maintain the balance and keep employees motivated to reach the organizations goals. A manager who administers the four functions properly will be the reaso n why the organization will have success. References Management Innovations. (December 03, 2008). Define Management & Its Functions. Retrieved from http://managementinnovations. wordpress. com/2008/12/03/define-management-its-functions Olum, Y. (July 12, 2004). Modern Management Theories and Practices. Retrieved from http://upan1. un. org/intradoc/groups/public/document/AAPAM/UNPAN025765pdf.

Banduras social learning theory Essay

Our study is based on the theory of operant conditioning and Bandura’s social learning theory. Operant conditioning states that learning happens through association, and we believe that car advertises are trying to make their target population associate buying their car with a desired characteristic/traits/lifestyles e.g. having a lot of female attention. Skinner described the ABC model of operant conditioning, which includes an antecedent, behaviour and a consequence. Bandura for his theory stated that learning can only occur if the four criteria (attention, retention, reproduction and motivation) were met. From looking at YouTube adverts we found that smaller cars had a tendency to have more feminine themes whereas larger cars tended to have more masculine themes.  Aim  To whether there is a difference between gender and the size of cars they drive.  Alternative Hypothesis:  Males will have a higher tendency to drive large cars while females will have a higher tendency to drive smaller cars  Null Hypothesis:  There will be no difference in gender and the size of the car they drive, and any difference will be due to chance. METHOD:  Design:  This is an independent group design and a quasi experiment as each participant can only be in either the male or the female category. We will gather our data by tallying, as our study will only include nominal data. This is useful as tallying is easy to analyse and draw up conclusions from. We are only looking at the gender of the driver and the type/size of their cars, so our data is quantitative. This is a non-participant naturalistic overt observation. Seeing as our results are nominal, this is an independent group design and the hypothesis predicts a difference. We will try our best to operationalise our variables by tallying the cars for the same period of time and by collecting data in different locations throughout Maidstone. Our IV will be the gender and how dependent variable (DV) will be the size of the cars. To make it easier to see the driver or the car, we will be collecting our data by a set of traffic lights, and tallying in the correct sections.  Participants  All of our participants will be over 17, as this is the legal minimum driving age. We will be using opportunity sampling as only those driving at the time of the study will take part in the study. Apparatus  Pen, paper and clipboard   Procedure  1. A table was draw up to collect results in (a copy can be found in appendix)  2. Researchers decided time and place of when they will be getting results  3. Researches went to location, stood by the nearest traffic light and collect results  4. Next lesson, the results were pooled  5. Adjustments were made  6. Carried out inertial test using chi-squared test  Control:  Pilot study was not to include family and sports cars as they are marketed differently and tend to be gender neutral. We increased our ecological validity by carrying out the experiment in different places in Maidstone. Ethics We followed most of the ethical guidelines by: ensuring that no participants were harmed physically or psychology and that the results were anonymous. Participants were not given fully-informed consent and were not debriefed as this would be too time consuming, but if a participant was to ask about our study they would have been told the true aim of the study and having their results omitted if they want to.We will accept our null hypothesis and reject our alternative hypothesis because our observed value (1.34) of chi-squared is lower than the critical value(3.841) and this means our results aren’t significant. Therefore the probability of our results being due to chance equal p

Investigation the Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Investigation the Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratio BackgroundCells rely on the diffusion process to gain nutrients and to dispel waste. Because of this, the surface area to volume ratio of cells is very important. As a object becomes smaller, its surface area to volume ratio becomes greater allowing fast diffusion for cells. Though as a object becomes larger, it's surface area to volume ratio becomes smaller and diffusion would no longer be effective for cells as the process would take too long. This is why there is a limit to the size of cells.Research QuestionHow does the surface area to volume ratio effect the time it takes for a object to diffuse?HypothesisThe higher the surface area to volume ratio is, the faster the agar jelly will become clear.VariablesFor this experiment, the independent variable was the surface area to volume ratio of the cubes while the dependent variable was the time it took for the cube to become transparent.Image d'un dodà ©caà ¨dreThe controlled variables were the type and concentration of the acid, t he indicator (phenolphthalein), the process of how acid was added to the beaker, the use of the stopwatch as well as how much of the cubes were covered with acid.MaterialsAgar jelly containing:- 0.1 M NaOH- Phenolphthalein0.1 M H2SO4100 ml or 250 ml beakerCeramic tilePlastic spoonKnifeGloveStopwatchMethodOnce all materials were gathered, the glove was put on and a 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm, 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm or 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm cube was cut with the knife of the ceramic tile. After, the cube was transferred into the beaker using the spoon. The 0.1 M H2SO4 was then added to the beaker until it just covered the agar jelly (See Figure 1). The stopwatch was then started. The agar jelly was observed until it...

How to cut the cowardly language and say what you mean

How to cut the cowardly language and say what you mean Cut the cowardly language Cowardly writing is the linguistic equivalent of your unreliable ex. It avoids committing. It leads you astray. It wastes your time. And it evades all entreaties to be straightforward or say what it really thinks. You can recognise it by its long sentences, convoluted structure and overuse of words and phrases such as ‘clearly’, ‘it may be assumed that’ and ‘there is evidence that’, with no verifiable evidence in sight. These vague, deceptive or empty proclamations are also known as ‘hedges’ or ‘weasel words’ (so called because of weasels’ habit of sucking the insides out of eggs, leaving a shell that still looks full). Linguistics professor Ken Hyland defines hedging as ‘any linguistic means used to indicate either a) a lack of complete commitment to the truth value of an accompanying proposition, or b) a desire not to express that commitment categorically.’ Â  The hedging writer distances themselves from their own content, either out of insecurity or a lack of knowledge: ‘it may be believed that’ is a big, frightened step away from ‘I believe that’. Come out, come out So why do people hide behind woolly wording? Well, because actually saying something can be scary. It puts you at risk: of being questioned, proved wrong, or held accountable. Long, overly complex sentences and unnecessary jargon are often a sign that someone’s trying to hide something – perhaps the fact that they don’t know what they’re talking about. And even if they do know, it’s going to look to the reader like they don’t or that they’re a bit shifty. Editor Patrick Neylan lives up to his Twitter handle @AngrySubEditor on the subject of cowardice in language, and the causes behind it. ‘Usually [the writer’s] only goal is to have written To have been understood is a worry. To have inspired action in others is terrifying.’ Pull the wool Of course, the whole point of writing is to inform and inspire, not confound. And if your writing goal is to persuade or encourage your reader to take action, you’re more likely to achieve this if you are clear and sound authoritative. So here’s how to pull the wool from your writing – and therefore your readers’ eyes: Start by knowing what you actually want to say: do your research, plan, and structure logically. Ask yourself the all-important questions: who, where, why, what, how – and how much does it cost? And dont start writing until youre firm on the answers. Avoid the temptation to cover your back. Never mind ‘it could be said that’: are you saying it or not? Be direct – don’t qualify everything with ‘possibly’s and ‘perhaps’s (unless you’re making the point that something is uncertain): state facts, reference them, and note their implications. Use the most direct words possible to make the relation between things clear, eg ‘because’ not ‘due to the fact that’. Favour simple sentence structure (subject-verb-object) wherever possible, eg ‘Prices have fallen.’ Remove words and phrases that add nothing but ink. For example, ‘consensus of opinion’ (just ‘consensus or ‘opinion’ will do), ‘as is explained below’ (are you explaining it twice?), ‘as the case may be’, and ‘at the overall level’. Speaking of inspiration, we could all do with some. Consider then, these wise words from Chinese artist and political activist Ai Weiwei,: ‘Say what you need to say plainly, and then take responsibility for it.’ Or, with @AngrySubEditor’s tough love approach: ‘(Wo)man up; say what you’ve got to say, say it briefly, then shut up.’ Image credit: Elena Yakusheva / Shutterstock

The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act Essay

The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act - Essay Example These points of law will be discussed later. In the scenario presented we will discuss whether under the DVVA Maureen and Dan are likely to be convicted for causing or allowing the death of a child. The law states that in order to be guilty of the offence four criteria must be met. As Valerie was thrown against the wall and later died of brain damage at the hospital, we can reasonably infer that the medical findings will conclusively prove these injuries and therefore, her death, were a result of an unlawful act. The person or persons committing this act must according to subsections (i) and (ii), be members of the same household as Valerie and have had frequent contact with her. Maureen, Valerie's mother, was the leasee of the flat in which the victim resided and as her biological parent and raising the child it is obvious that both of these criteria were met. Dan, although not the biological father, he does reside and had been residing in the same residence at the time of the offence. Further he was assisting Maureen with rent payments. While cohabitating as husband and wife, a reasonable person would infer that Dan had frequent contact with Valerie as well. ... The person or persons committing this act must according to subsections (i) and (ii), be members of the same household as Valerie and have had frequent contact with her. Maureen, Valerie's mother, was the leasee of the flat in which the victim resided and as her biological parent and raising the child it is obvious that both of these criteria were met. Dan, although not the biological father, he does reside and had been residing in the same residence at the time of the offence. Further he was assisting Maureen with rent payments. While cohabitating as husband and wife, a reasonable person would infer that Dan had frequent contact with Valerie as well. At the time of Valerie's death, both Dan and Maureen were residing together and did have frequent contact with the victim. According to the Children and Young Persons Act 1993 and as further defined in the Children Act 1989.1 Although not the biological parent by nature of the relationship Dan did have a responsibility for Valerie. As explained further in LAWCOM 282 "A person who is presumed to be responsible for a child or young person by virtue of subsection (1)(a) shall not be taken to have ceased to be responsible for him by reason only that he does not have care of him"2 When the police arrived at the flat Dan stated he was sleeping woke to find Maureen standing over Valerie screaming. Maureen recounted that Valerie had been sleeping and she was in the bath at the time of the offence. Upon hearing the commotion when Dan awoke Valerie from her sleep causing the child to cry after which Dan picked up the child and threw her against Maureen, according to her statement to the police, rushed from the bathroom to find the child lying on the floor. Although each had in this

Reading and literacy journal articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading and literacy journal articles - Essay Example To make matters worse, secondary students are given very complex material that is way beyond their reading levels. An example is that most high school textbooks for the tenth through twelfth grad levels are written at the seventeenth grade level. It is to be noted that students with learning disabilities reading at fourth grade level could not understand textbooks reading at their current tenth-grade levels, how much more those written above it? The article gives brief overviews of the articles included in the issue. Mostly, it dealt with investigating the etiology of reading problems and explaining reasons why some students at secondary level are encountering reading difficulties. It also offers probable solutions in the form of various reading frameworks and the mediation of technology. It also discusses the importance of going back to basics to correct whatever reading difficulties were developed in hastily by-passing some essential concepts and skills in learning to read. Skilled readers were given much opportunity and a variety of strategies to learn reading and comprehension. This article highlights the need for the integration of such in a high quality secondary curriculum. The unfortunate fact reported by surveys and studies that many adolescents are developing reading difficulties at present has prompted educators to come up with ways to step up reading and comprehension skills in schools. Competent, caring and qualified educators have been called upon to implement some techniques and strategies developed by competent

Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ideology - Essay Example Ideology is a collective of this ingredient. The difference between an idea and ideology is that; an does not have believers. Meanwhile Ideology has believers.   A religion begins with an idea, when that idea captures attentions, then it becomes ideology. When an ideology has believers and followers, who are willing to act upon the idea then it changes to religions. Much like political movement or changes in anthropology, it always begins with someone thought. A thought with a consideration and then it is converted into a belief.  Ã‚   In the current society the terms ‘idea’ and reasons are common in different places such as among: Friends, family, school, work places. However no one really thinks of it and how it was made or what ideas and ideology is composed of it. In countries characterized by political activities, campaigns are usually distributed and commercialized in the media, they usually use the word â€Å"We needed this change† and they tell us all about why or how the targeted populace will gain from it. These changes are believed to be beneficial towards the believers; however, the reality is that, they benefit their composers who do not mention this during campaigns and in the advertisements. Changes cannot happen without being implemented by human efforts, they must inventors, motivators, or else they can be as well considered visionary ideals. A ‘change’ is a community product the sense that it facilitates the success of the targeted group, group of people, or a nat ion. Taking example of people such as; Adolf Hitler, Kim Jong il, Mao Zedong, Alexander the Great, or Genghis Khan, they all had their own vision of what a ‘good world’ is. They had great ideas that made senses in regard to logic as well as the view-points. They rose to power and directed their efforts towards convincing people to follow their ideas to the latter. For better or worse, these people made changes, which started from their ideas.  Owing to the fact that

The Russian Ruble Crisis Of 1998 Economics Essay

The Russian Ruble Crisis Of 1998 Economics Essay The Russian Ruble Crisis of 1998 is termed as among the worst financial crisis to hit the Russian economy. The Crisis is believed to have been triggered by a number of factors. The Asian financial crisis of 1997 is a major cause of the crisis as it led to declines in the world commodity prices (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 7). Just to be appreciated is the fact that Russian economy was heavily dependent on oil. There are other reasons such as the downfall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the economic difficulties it brought to the Russian nation. Another common cited reason is poor financial policy practices by the Russian government as well as political crisis that were witnessed in the nation earlier that year (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 7). The Russian financial crisis had various political and economic consequences. First, the crisis compromised the confidence of the citizens of Russian to the government of president Yeltsin. Indeed, facing much opposition in the parliament, Yeltsin was forced to fire Kiriyenko  as the prime minister and nominated Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov to the position (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 12). On the economic front, the Russian crisis led to the collapsing of the Russian stock, bond, and currency market on august 13, 1998. This was a direct result of investors fear that the government could devalue the ruble as well as claims of failure by the government to repay its domestic debts. This paper gives a critical analysis on the causes and consequences of the Russian Crisis 1998. Causes of the Russian Crisis 1998 The Russian Crisis 1998 was triggered by a combination of various independent factors. First, the Russian nation experienced a decline in its productivity (Colorado School of Business 2009). According to available statistics, the Russian economic was highly dependent on petroleum, natural gas, metal, timber exports which accounted for an estimated 80 percent of its exports. It is claimed that the Asian financial crisis of 1997 significantly compromised the export demand as well as prices for these key Russian export commodities (Colorado School of Business 2009). All these had the implication of negating the nations ability to pay its workers and its domestic debts, a factor that evidently led the country into a financial crisis. Another cause of the crisis is the fact that the government relied mainly on foreign capital inflows which were marked with extremely high interest rates (McArdle 2010). The sustainable growth of an economy is greatly determined by the ability of the government to finance its affairs from its tax revenue collections. However, the Russian government was in 1998 facing an increase in its internal loan, a factor that called for engagement into external borrowing to finance them (Colorado School of Business 2009). As an explanation of this claim is the move to hike GKO interest rates to an estimated 150 percent by Kiriyenko in June 1998. Irregular internal loan payment is also to be blamed for the Russian crisis 1998 (McArdle 2010). Statistical evidence indicates that despite the many efforts by the government to resolve its internal debts, wage debts, particularly in remote regions continued to grow. This had negative impact on the nations ability to fund key budget items such as communal utilities among others. It is claimed that the government was faced with an estimated $12.5 on wage debts by early August 1998 (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 9). This prompted workers to engage on strikes, a move that further complicated the economic productivity of the nation. Still, the war on Chechnya and its economic implications were cited as a potential cause of the Russian financial crisis of 1998 (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 27). According to available historical information, the war cost on the Russian economy is approximated at $5.5 billion. Just to be appreciated here is the fact that this cost is exclusive of the costs incurred in reconstruction of the ruined economy of Chechnya after the war (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 27). The opposition by the left wing parties of the government which led to failure to adopt anti-crisis policies by the government by mid 1998 is also another cause of the crisis. It is also claimed that prior to the meltdown, a loan given to Russian by the world bank and the International Monetary Fund was stolen, thus never functioned to serve its intended purpose. The most cited reason behind the Russian financial crisis is the ruble-dollar exchange rates crisis (McArdle 2010). During this time, the Russian government had ordered the central bank to ensure that the ruble exchange rates remained at a preset range. Based on this reasoning therefore, the central bank was forced to invest its foreign reserves in buying rubles if the exchange rate seemed to go beyond such limits. Indeed, this was a major threat to its ability to maintain reasonable foreign reserve (McArdle 2010). It is claimed that the Russian government and other non-government borrower had borrowed large amounts of foreign investment capital over the 1995-1998 period in the form of US dollars. This meant having a huge US dollar inflow for serving these debts (Marshall 2001, p. 26). However, the central bank had spent most of its foreign reserve in sustaining its floating peg policy on the rubles. This only served to negatively affect the exchange value for rubles as well as the governments ability to settle the huge international capital debts. This was further compromised by the poor government policies which negated investor confidence, causing them to sell most of their rubles and assets in Russian (Marshall 2001, p. 29). Indeed, the collapsing of the stock bond and currency market was a direct result of lack of confidence by investor due to eminent devaluing of the exchange value of ruble by the government. According to available information, the value of the stock market had reduced by an estimated over 75 percent between January and August, 1998 (Colorado School of Business 2009). This, coupled with the other economic problems facing the nation at the time signified a real threat to investments. Economic and political implications of the crisis The Russian crisis of 1998 had various social, economic and political consequences. Following the crisis, the ruble exchange value steadily depreciated reaching 21 rubles per US dollar by the September 2nd 1998 (Colorado School of Business 2009). This move prompted the central bank to abandon the ruble floating peg policies, a factor that saw the value of ruble depreciate to 22.5 by the end of the year. It is estimated that the inflation rate in Russian economy in 1998 reached the 98 percent considerably hiking the welfare costs of its citizens (McArdle 2010). The crisis oversaw the closure of various banks in Russia such as Inkombank, Oneximbank and Tokobank. It is claimed that the wage debts by coal miners in the nation grew to more than one percent of the governments overall budget (Colorado School of Business 2009). Still, the crisis led to an increase in food commodities in the nation by 100 percent (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 13). In a move to stabilize its inflated economy, the government quadrupled the prices of imported products. All these served to negate the social and economic lifestyle of the Russian citizens. Another consequence of the Russian crisis is that it led commodity and financial controls through administrative techniques by region governments (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 27). Governor Aleksandr Lebed for example signed a resolution for bringing down commodity prices in the Krasnoyarsk Krai region. It is also claimed that the eastern region imposed banns for commodity flow beyond the port city to safeguard the food supply for the city residents. In Baltic, tax to the federal government was suspended. All these had the end result of compromising regional budgets and GDP from 18.2 percent in 1997 to an estimated 10.8 percent during the first quarter of the 2000 financial years (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 16). The Russian crisis led to a heated political crisis on the Yeltsin government. By august 23, 1998, Yeltsin fired the then prime minister Kiriyenko (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 16). However, his intend to reinstate Chernomyrdin as the prime minister and his successor for the presidency received massive opposition by the parliament. This is because Chernomyrdin was claimed to have failed in implementing economic reforms in March 1998 when he was the prime minister (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 31). The parliament nevertheless anonymously approved the appointment of Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov as the prime minister in September 11 as he was perceived as capable of resolving conflicts by Russias quarreling political interest groups. Conclusion It is clearly established that the Russian crisis 1998 was caused by structural weaknesses of Russias fiscal management as well as currency crisis, transparency and contagion. The ruble floating peg policy by the central bank compromised its foreign reserves thus limiting its ability to settle its international capital debts (McArdle 2010). This was further complicated by its huge wage debts and the eroded investor confidence which led to the sale of most their assets including rubles and stocks. Therefore, the crisis is a real example of the social, economic, and political implications of having poor government policies.

Cosby Park :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

Cosby Park The Great Smoky Mountains is one of the most famous parks in the United States. The park is known for its beautiful mountains and streams, clean air, and frequent rain. My local part of the park is Cosby, located in the Great Smoky Mountains eighty-two miles west of the East Tennessee State University campus (www.nps.gov.grsm.prcoscg.htm). The park is a wonderful, activity-filled stop for any student wanting to get away for a few days. The drive to Cosby passes by quickly because of all the interesting sites along the way. For example, Newport is home of the Thai Kitchen which has the best food I have ever tasted for only about $8.00 per person. The restaurant offers a variety of dishes such as chicken fried rice, spicy chicken basil fried rice, beef and broccoli and the excellent appetizers of egg rolls and crispy wontons. After stopping for dinner at the Thai Kitchen, you can travel 11 miles west to the Kyle Carver Orchard. The Kyle Carver Orchard was established in 1942 and spreads for over 75 acres. The orchard is known for its fresh cider and delicious apple pies that are fresh baked throughout the day (Heritage Tour 1). After eating your dessert at the Kyle Carver Orchard, you can travel the remaining seven miles to the park. Cosby is nestled in a prime spot located thirty minutes from Douglas Lake, Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, and Dollywood. The park has a large picnic area that is known for its frequent visits by the bears that love to snack on the tourists' picnic lunches. The park also offers year-around camping with a special camping area designated for those people with horses. The park has 175 camping sites, so the camping areas are very plentiful for any student wanting to camp for a few days (www.nps.gov/grsm/prcoscg.htm). Personally, my favorite things about the park are its hiking trails, the Low Gap and Appalachian Trails. The Low Gap hiking trail passes through the freezing Cosby Creek and continues along a beautiful scenic path. The paths are for hikers of any age because of their moderate trail grade. The paths host a variety of unusual flora and fauna including deer, snakes, and bears. In fact, I have never been on the trail without seeing a snake slithering along its path swimming in the creek. My favorite attraction along the Low Gap Trail is the natural spring that is piped down from the mountains.

A Policy Analysis The Proposition Economics Essay

Since the constitution of the current societal security system in worldwide, the issue of pension policy are still being discussed by the public assistance policy bookmans. In the procedure of pension policy reform, to be purely, the proposition of planetary pension policy development can be divided into two classs, one is pension denationalization ; the other one is pay-as-you-go manner. These two waies are calming taking the planetary pension reform. Presently, as the built up of the planetary administration mechanism and establishments in the universe, it facilitates the preparation and execution besides as national co-operation of societal policy in a globalized degree, therefore, it is a fact that international governmental organisations are playing a dominant function in the planetary policy airing. However, in the pension policy dimension, the demographic alteration is taging direct impact on the development of future planetary pension policy. In the field of the planetary pension discourse, the World Band and ILO are the two most dominant international governmental organisations, which have made important influence on the pension policy airing in many states and parts in the worldwide, nevertheless, confronting the demographic hazard, the World Bank and ILO presented a contrast response and attack in current societal pension reform severally. Therefore, a policy analysis of the World Bank and ILO ‘ s policy propositio ns in the field of pension issue makes a important aid for us to construe the hereafter planetary pension policy development In footings of the this state of affairs, this article carry on a policy analysis of planetary pension discourse through analysing different policy propositions between the World Bank and the ILO in planetary pension policy. More item, there are three chief intents of this policy analysis, foremost, it can assist us to understand how planetary policy histrions make important impact on different states or parts in a globalized degree ; secondly, it aims at giving an nonsubjective rating of the World Bank and ILO ‘s ain pension policy propositions ; thirdly, it promotes us to hold a nonsubjective thought about the hereafter planetary pension policy reform when we are confronting the ineluctable demographic alteration.Denationalization or Pay-As-You-Go?There is no uncertainty that the Work Bank and ILO besides made an tremendous part to the development of modern planetary pension system. However, their chief argument in pension policy discoure is whether we should the privatise pe nsion fund? For the World Bank, it points out that it is necessary for us to privatise pension system as the demographic crisis ; nevertheless, the ILO indicates that tax-financed and pay-as-you-go attack method can be continue to implemented although the demographic alteration is a possible hazard factor to destruct the current pension system.1.1The World Bank ‘s Critique of the Pay-As-You-Go SystemThe World Bank criticizes the dominant public pillar pension system is non an low-cost and sustainable attack when we are confronting the rapid demographic alteration. The basic premiss of the World Bank ‘ policy-marking is for the economic growing ( Orenstein, 2008 ) . This neo-liberalism brief determines that the World Bank confirms the positive impact of private market on bettering people ‘s wellbeings. Hence, in the field of pension policy-markingithe World Bank pays attending to whether the pension policy can convey to an effectual economic growing ; furthermore the World Band implicitly convinces that pension benefiters ‘ pension demands can be satisfied by the denationalization. Furthermore, it emphasizes the drawbacks of pay-as-you-go pension system are exposed wholly as the demographic passage. First, confronting the demographic alteration, it can non supply sustainable and effectual services for pension donees any more. On the one manus, this public funding manner is hard to avoid the generational pension debt ; Ervik ( p.36 ) stressed that: â€Å" Present coevalss therefore have an inexplicit debt towards future coevalss. † It can be expected that the societal pension demand will be increased as the bead of the birth rate and decease rate and the addition of the old people ‘ life anticipation. So if we do non specify a state ‘s part degree for current pension donees or do non increase the revenue enhancement, the fiscal debt will be worse ; one the other manus, the public funding method are taging a side-effect on the private market. he World Bank besides points out that pay-as-you-go pension system impede the economic system growing. As mentioned previouslyithe World Bank maintains that we can non portion more growing as the pay-as-you-go system crowd out a host of personal nest eggs and some wellness investing. It makes us to miss the chance to develop the capital market. These are the chief grounds why the World Bank criticizes that pay-as-you-go public pillar system is non a sustainable and low-cost attack. Thus, for obtaining a sustainable consequence for a long-run, it motivates the World Bank to set about pension policy reform.1.2The World Bank ‘s Pension Reform: Multi-pillar Pension SystemDue to the quickly demographic crisis and the mature of the public pension strategy, in a study by the World Bank ( 2005 ) demonstrated that traveling to a multi-pillar pension model was an effectual and sustainable theoretical account on work outing the emerging jobs. So the multi-pillar pension system is playing a cardinal function in the World Bank ‘s pension policy reform. In this sectionithere will be a reading and rating about the multi-pillar pension model. Harmonizing to the World Bank ‘s position, there are three pillars consist of the multi-pillar pension conceptual model ( World Bank, 2008 ) . In this conceptual model, financing methods and societal risk-resistant are different in different pillars. The first one is public pillar, which is compulsory and each eligible work must take portion in it, but participators merely afford defined part and this pillar will provider defined and minimum supports for old age donees, such as poorness. The 2nd 1 is the personal economy program, this program is besides compulsory, and participators can pull off their personal economy, nevertheless, their personal nest eggs are regulated by private sectors, their private economy will be managed and invested into private capital market. Therefore, the World Bank pointed out that the personal economy program is an effectual manner to develop the capital economic system and old age donees can obtain bigger public assistance portion in the terminal . As the World Bank policy study ( 1994, p.208 ) stated: â€Å" The compulsory salvaging pillar can be of import for increasing long term economy, speed uping capital market development, hiking investing in productive capital and proctor corporate public presentation. † The 3rd pillar is voluntary program, this pillar providers us different pension programs, participators can choose these pension program harmonizing to if they want more demand or which sort of specify need they want to acquire. Harmonizing to the Esping-Andersen ‘s public assistance government typology ( Andersen, 1990 ) , this multi-pillar construct model represents a typical public assistance redistribution attack with the characters of neo-liberalism government, on one manus, the multi-pillar pension system indicated that the authorities should take limited public assistance duties in the pension system ; on the other manus, it represented the critical function of private market in the pension reform . It can be said that the multi-pillar model is an effectual manner to get by with the demographic crisis. First, it is apparent that the defined part from pension remunerators can relief authorities ‘s financial force per unit area in a long term ; 2nd, the cost-related funding method is showing an equal intervention for each pension remunerator, because pension remunerators ‘ current parts are for their ain retirement benefits alternatively of current old age pension benefices. Third, it can be low-cost by most of current workers, as the multi-pillar pension system is more flexible, different funding method and salvaging programs can accommodate to persons ‘ economic ability and satisfy with persons ‘ different demands. Fourth, the multi-pillar system gives chance for developing the capital market. In short, for the long position, we can non deny that donees can obtain much more stable public assistance portions from a flourishing economic system.1.3 The ILO à ¢â‚¬Ëœs Policy Response: Retirement Age ExtensionConfronting the quickly demographic alteration, set abouting a societal pension reform has been strongly agreed by the World Bank. However, the ILO holds a contrastive attitude â€Å" The ILO has continued to endorse reform of pay-as-you-go pension system as the best manner frontward for most states. † as Yeates said ( 2008, p.220 ) . Furthermore, the grounds why the ILO is still take a firm standing on a contrasting attitude in the planetary pension policy reform besides can be recognized from its ain attitude towards to demographic alteration and broad capital markets. Governments ‘ duty is strengthened by the ILO in the public assistance policy-marking. The ILO is aim at developing nice work and constructing a list of common labour criterion, this purpose can be interpreted from the ILO ‘s positive histrion in the procedure of MDG, the ILO ‘s MDG ( Millennium Development Goals ) docket and even post-2015 docket ( ILO, 2012 ) pointed out that nice work and effectual protection are the basic attacks to work out poorness and hungriness. So in footings of this position, it can be recognized that the ILO strongly advocates to widening societal protection by authoritiess ‘ investings. In footings of the ILO ‘s basic premiss, it is impossible for the ILO to set about a pension denationalization, because the pension denationalization means that the ability of the societal protection system ‘s risk-resistant is reduced. Furthermore, the ILO besides confirms that demographic hazard is an inexplicit factor to destruct the pay-as-you-go pension system, and it can convey to the serious financial load for the remunerators and authorities, but we can work out the job through improve employment straight alternatively of set abouting a pension denationalization reform. The ILO points out that the extension of retirement age is the most effectual method to work out the pension jobs which is brought by aging society, such as the authorities ‘s financial and administrative load and current pension remunerators ‘ increasing revenue enhancement ( Erik,2005 ) . Hence, signifier these points of position ; it can be organized that the pension denationalization reform will take to three chief negative effects. First, it is weakening single ‘s ability of supporting markets ‘ hazard, The intent of public assistance de-commercialization is aimed at bettering persons ‘ ability of market risk-resistant ( Andersen,1990 ) , but the diminution of societal security ‘s de-commercialization grade makes a side consequence on the province ‘s public assistance system construction evidently. Second, as the denationalization pension lack the character of risk-pooling, so pension remunerators have to bear the effect of plus impairment loss by the market hazard separately. For case, the pension denationalization reform has halted due to the recent planetary periodical fiscal crisis ( Orenstein, 2011 ) . Third, the serious financial shortages have besides spread across many states in the procedure of pension reform, which besides shows that the inexplicit authorities ‘s debt crisis can non be eradicated by the pension denationalization reform. Hence, it besides can be revealed that the pension denationalization besides has many built-in advantages.2. Who is the Winner, the World Bank or ILO?In the survey by Orenstein ( 2004 ) indicated that the ILO ‘s pension policy proposition was playing a prima histrion during 1940s. It can be interpreted that the pay-as- you-go pension strategy was satisfied with the post-war states ‘ strong demand of obtaining a stable state of affairs from economic system development in a globalized degree. On one manus, the constitution of Pay-As-You-Go state pension system in worldwide could increase authoritiess ‘ duties and represented the authoritiess ‘ advantages of resource co-ordination in the field of societal security, it helped many states to work out different post-war societal jobs and enhanced societal stableness ; on the other manus, the pay-as-you-go state pension manner had protected post-war workers ‘ rights and led to the economic system recovery and societal reproduction efficaciously and expeditiously. Therefore, ILO ‘s pay-as-you-Go manner was still playing a dominant function in the development of planetary societal pension during the period of the post-World War II. However, temporarily, it is a fact that the World Bank is replacing the ILO to play a dominant function in taking the procedure of planetary pension policy. Harmonizing to the survey by Yeats ( 2008 ) , since early 1990s, more than 30 states in the universe have participated into the pension denationalization reform which is influenced by the World Bank. Hence, it can be said that the new-liberalism and privatized signifier are taking the planetary pension reform. Hence, organize a historical position, as a planetary policy histrion, the World Bank obtained an outstanding success in different planetary pension reform phrase. Nowadays, it can be said that Work Bank ‘s multi-pillar manner is the victor in this argument. Howeveriit does non intend that multi-pillar pension manner is non flawed. At the same clip, the ILO is get downing to rethink the pay-as-you-go pension manner. Its pension reconsideration besides make sense to the planetary pension policy strongly.3. The ILO ‘s Pension Policy Rethink and DevelopmentConfronting the Work Bank ‘s multi-pillar manner reform is continuing successfully by many states in the universe. The ILO ‘s began to rethink the Pay-As-You-Go pension policy. Its reconsideration besides make sense to the development of the pension reform. First, In footings of the demographic passage, the ILO Independent Evaluation Report ( ILO, 2010 ) strengthened a four-tiered pension scheme to widen the societal security, this new pension system ‘s maps is really similar with the Word Bank ‘s multi-pillar system. However, it besides has its ain alone feat ures, for the first tyre, it is a national mandatary pay-as-you-go system, nevertheless it is a sort of means-tested province pension which is focal point on the vulnerable group and low-income group ; the 2nd tyre besides is a compulsory pension which is based on personal revenue enhancement and pay-as-you-go funding, but the personal part is defined and limited. The 3rd tyre is the private nest eggs strategy ; the nest eggs is capitalized and self-regulated ; the 4th grade is the voluntary program, people can take part into different sorts of personal nest eggs program or informal public assistance program harmonizing to their ain certain demands. The design of the new four-tier pension system by the ILO demonstrates that the organisation bit by bit realized that of import function of denationalization in the context of globalisation, it besides confirms that defined private nest eggs is playing a necessary portion in the personal pension program. This new attitude demonstrates th at the ILO ‘s recognitions that pension donees widening benefits can take to the unsustainable development of the pay-as-you-go societal insurance strategy. But it should be paid attending that the pay-as-you-go funding manner and the rule of societal redistribution are still moving a dominant place in the ILO ‘s four-tiered system, oppositely, the function of denationalization is still in a weak. This is the chief divergency between the World Bank ‘s multi-pillar system and the ILO ‘s four-tiered system. In add-on, the ILO started to rethink the construction of societal insurance, the ILO argued that the grounds why the pay-as-you-go funding manner is failed in the pension argument is because the high coverage of pension strategy. As Bob Deacon ( 2007, p.66 ) said: â€Å" Pay-as-you-go pensions had become a privileged beginning of income in old age and the strategies had become a beginning of unfairness. † The World Social Security Report by ILO ( 201 0ip.53 ) besides stressed: â€Å" Incomplete pension coverage is a widespread phenomenoniit is seen non merely in developing countriesibut in industrialised states. † Thus the ILO requires to widening the societal security system, it means that, on one manus, the current societal insurance system should cut down the resource integrating grade of retirement pension ; on the other manus, other societal sectors and classs which have been neglected for a long clip by the authorities should be covered in the societal insurance system. The ILO ‘s pensions rethink besides makes an apparent part to the development of the planetary pension policy. On one manus, the argument of pension reform is non limited to discourse the high quality and pertinence of different pension manners. More significantly, rules of societal justness and societal rights are being extremely considered into the policy-making of current pensions strategies. All in all, its new policy position makes a important influence on the redistribution of planetary societal security resources and enriches future planetary pension development.4. Pension Policy Diffusion and Integration CampaignThe last portion chiefly analyzed the divergency between the Work Bank and the ILO in the field of planetary pension policy. Although, in general, they hold an opposite attitude in the statement of the planetary pension denationalization reform, as a planetary policy histrion, the Work Bank and ILO have many similarities in the field of planetary pension policy airing and administration. First, the integrating run is besides playing a dominant function in the spread of their pension policies severally ; in add-on, they are besides run intoing similar challenges in the procedure of planetary administration of pension policy. First, they besides do non hold formal power to coerce their givers to carry through their ain policy. Therefore, the maps of indirect integrating runs become really of import for them. Harmonizing to Jacoby ‘s ( 2004 ) categorization, inspiration, subsidy and partnership are most often used by planetary policy histrions into diffuse their ain policies. For case, the ILO ( 2010 ) has conducted an integrating run to develop current pension strategies and extend the societal security system. These three schemes besides be used in this integrating run, similar attacks are adopted by the World Bank in the procedure of its pension denationalization reform. that the integrating run is the dominant attack for planetary diffusion by the Work Bank and ILO. In add-on, the World Bank and ILO besides encounter with the same challenges in the run. First, Global histrions ‘ policies can conflict with certain public assistance governments. Harmonizing to Esping Andersen ‘s ( 1990 ) public assistance government typology, current public assistance governments can be divided into three conflicting governments. As sort of neo-liberalism public assistance manner, pension denationalization can be hard to be accepted by conservative governments ‘ public assistance provinces obviously ; the World Bank and ILO ‘s policy integrating runs can non be really effectual in democracy politic states. For the democracy states, policy issues must be discussed and decided through democratic politic mechanism, so it can be a possible obstruction to impede the procedure of planetary policy diffusion.5. In decisionThrough the pension policy analysis, foremost, it can be realized that the World Bank and ILO represent wholly opposite advocati ons in the planetary pension policy, nevertheless, their ain pension positions besides be profoundly influenced by two factors, one is their different organisation beliefs and rules, another one is their several understand to the current demographic passage, at the same clip, it should be recognized that planetary histrion ‘s policy would non be invariable all the clip, in contrast, histrions are go oning to rethink if their ain policy can be adapted to the altering universe ; secondly, the integrating run is playing an critical function in planetary pension policy diffusion by Third, planetary policy histrions are meeting the similar planetary challenges. Hence, it is necessary for different international governmental organisations to strength common duologues with each other in the field of policy issues and diffusion methods. ( Wordss: 3100 )