Reading and literacy journal articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading and literacy journal articles - Essay Example To make matters worse, secondary students are given very complex material that is way beyond their reading levels. An example is that most high school textbooks for the tenth through twelfth grad levels are written at the seventeenth grade level. It is to be noted that students with learning disabilities reading at fourth grade level could not understand textbooks reading at their current tenth-grade levels, how much more those written above it? The article gives brief overviews of the articles included in the issue. Mostly, it dealt with investigating the etiology of reading problems and explaining reasons why some students at secondary level are encountering reading difficulties. It also offers probable solutions in the form of various reading frameworks and the mediation of technology. It also discusses the importance of going back to basics to correct whatever reading difficulties were developed in hastily by-passing some essential concepts and skills in learning to read. Skilled readers were given much opportunity and a variety of strategies to learn reading and comprehension. This article highlights the need for the integration of such in a high quality secondary curriculum. The unfortunate fact reported by surveys and studies that many adolescents are developing reading difficulties at present has prompted educators to come up with ways to step up reading and comprehension skills in schools. Competent, caring and qualified educators have been called upon to implement some techniques and strategies developed by competent

Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ideology - Essay Example Ideology is a collective of this ingredient. The difference between an idea and ideology is that; an does not have believers. Meanwhile Ideology has believers.   A religion begins with an idea, when that idea captures attentions, then it becomes ideology. When an ideology has believers and followers, who are willing to act upon the idea then it changes to religions. Much like political movement or changes in anthropology, it always begins with someone thought. A thought with a consideration and then it is converted into a belief.  Ã‚   In the current society the terms ‘idea’ and reasons are common in different places such as among: Friends, family, school, work places. However no one really thinks of it and how it was made or what ideas and ideology is composed of it. In countries characterized by political activities, campaigns are usually distributed and commercialized in the media, they usually use the word â€Å"We needed this change† and they tell us all about why or how the targeted populace will gain from it. These changes are believed to be beneficial towards the believers; however, the reality is that, they benefit their composers who do not mention this during campaigns and in the advertisements. Changes cannot happen without being implemented by human efforts, they must inventors, motivators, or else they can be as well considered visionary ideals. A ‘change’ is a community product the sense that it facilitates the success of the targeted group, group of people, or a nat ion. Taking example of people such as; Adolf Hitler, Kim Jong il, Mao Zedong, Alexander the Great, or Genghis Khan, they all had their own vision of what a ‘good world’ is. They had great ideas that made senses in regard to logic as well as the view-points. They rose to power and directed their efforts towards convincing people to follow their ideas to the latter. For better or worse, these people made changes, which started from their ideas.  Owing to the fact that

The Russian Ruble Crisis Of 1998 Economics Essay

The Russian Ruble Crisis Of 1998 Economics Essay The Russian Ruble Crisis of 1998 is termed as among the worst financial crisis to hit the Russian economy. The Crisis is believed to have been triggered by a number of factors. The Asian financial crisis of 1997 is a major cause of the crisis as it led to declines in the world commodity prices (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 7). Just to be appreciated is the fact that Russian economy was heavily dependent on oil. There are other reasons such as the downfall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the economic difficulties it brought to the Russian nation. Another common cited reason is poor financial policy practices by the Russian government as well as political crisis that were witnessed in the nation earlier that year (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 7). The Russian financial crisis had various political and economic consequences. First, the crisis compromised the confidence of the citizens of Russian to the government of president Yeltsin. Indeed, facing much opposition in the parliament, Yeltsin was forced to fire Kiriyenko  as the prime minister and nominated Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov to the position (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 12). On the economic front, the Russian crisis led to the collapsing of the Russian stock, bond, and currency market on august 13, 1998. This was a direct result of investors fear that the government could devalue the ruble as well as claims of failure by the government to repay its domestic debts. This paper gives a critical analysis on the causes and consequences of the Russian Crisis 1998. Causes of the Russian Crisis 1998 The Russian Crisis 1998 was triggered by a combination of various independent factors. First, the Russian nation experienced a decline in its productivity (Colorado School of Business 2009). According to available statistics, the Russian economic was highly dependent on petroleum, natural gas, metal, timber exports which accounted for an estimated 80 percent of its exports. It is claimed that the Asian financial crisis of 1997 significantly compromised the export demand as well as prices for these key Russian export commodities (Colorado School of Business 2009). All these had the implication of negating the nations ability to pay its workers and its domestic debts, a factor that evidently led the country into a financial crisis. Another cause of the crisis is the fact that the government relied mainly on foreign capital inflows which were marked with extremely high interest rates (McArdle 2010). The sustainable growth of an economy is greatly determined by the ability of the government to finance its affairs from its tax revenue collections. However, the Russian government was in 1998 facing an increase in its internal loan, a factor that called for engagement into external borrowing to finance them (Colorado School of Business 2009). As an explanation of this claim is the move to hike GKO interest rates to an estimated 150 percent by Kiriyenko in June 1998. Irregular internal loan payment is also to be blamed for the Russian crisis 1998 (McArdle 2010). Statistical evidence indicates that despite the many efforts by the government to resolve its internal debts, wage debts, particularly in remote regions continued to grow. This had negative impact on the nations ability to fund key budget items such as communal utilities among others. It is claimed that the government was faced with an estimated $12.5 on wage debts by early August 1998 (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 9). This prompted workers to engage on strikes, a move that further complicated the economic productivity of the nation. Still, the war on Chechnya and its economic implications were cited as a potential cause of the Russian financial crisis of 1998 (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 27). According to available historical information, the war cost on the Russian economy is approximated at $5.5 billion. Just to be appreciated here is the fact that this cost is exclusive of the costs incurred in reconstruction of the ruined economy of Chechnya after the war (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 27). The opposition by the left wing parties of the government which led to failure to adopt anti-crisis policies by the government by mid 1998 is also another cause of the crisis. It is also claimed that prior to the meltdown, a loan given to Russian by the world bank and the International Monetary Fund was stolen, thus never functioned to serve its intended purpose. The most cited reason behind the Russian financial crisis is the ruble-dollar exchange rates crisis (McArdle 2010). During this time, the Russian government had ordered the central bank to ensure that the ruble exchange rates remained at a preset range. Based on this reasoning therefore, the central bank was forced to invest its foreign reserves in buying rubles if the exchange rate seemed to go beyond such limits. Indeed, this was a major threat to its ability to maintain reasonable foreign reserve (McArdle 2010). It is claimed that the Russian government and other non-government borrower had borrowed large amounts of foreign investment capital over the 1995-1998 period in the form of US dollars. This meant having a huge US dollar inflow for serving these debts (Marshall 2001, p. 26). However, the central bank had spent most of its foreign reserve in sustaining its floating peg policy on the rubles. This only served to negatively affect the exchange value for rubles as well as the governments ability to settle the huge international capital debts. This was further compromised by the poor government policies which negated investor confidence, causing them to sell most of their rubles and assets in Russian (Marshall 2001, p. 29). Indeed, the collapsing of the stock bond and currency market was a direct result of lack of confidence by investor due to eminent devaluing of the exchange value of ruble by the government. According to available information, the value of the stock market had reduced by an estimated over 75 percent between January and August, 1998 (Colorado School of Business 2009). This, coupled with the other economic problems facing the nation at the time signified a real threat to investments. Economic and political implications of the crisis The Russian crisis of 1998 had various social, economic and political consequences. Following the crisis, the ruble exchange value steadily depreciated reaching 21 rubles per US dollar by the September 2nd 1998 (Colorado School of Business 2009). This move prompted the central bank to abandon the ruble floating peg policies, a factor that saw the value of ruble depreciate to 22.5 by the end of the year. It is estimated that the inflation rate in Russian economy in 1998 reached the 98 percent considerably hiking the welfare costs of its citizens (McArdle 2010). The crisis oversaw the closure of various banks in Russia such as Inkombank, Oneximbank and Tokobank. It is claimed that the wage debts by coal miners in the nation grew to more than one percent of the governments overall budget (Colorado School of Business 2009). Still, the crisis led to an increase in food commodities in the nation by 100 percent (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 13). In a move to stabilize its inflated economy, the government quadrupled the prices of imported products. All these served to negate the social and economic lifestyle of the Russian citizens. Another consequence of the Russian crisis is that it led commodity and financial controls through administrative techniques by region governments (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 27). Governor Aleksandr Lebed for example signed a resolution for bringing down commodity prices in the Krasnoyarsk Krai region. It is also claimed that the eastern region imposed banns for commodity flow beyond the port city to safeguard the food supply for the city residents. In Baltic, tax to the federal government was suspended. All these had the end result of compromising regional budgets and GDP from 18.2 percent in 1997 to an estimated 10.8 percent during the first quarter of the 2000 financial years (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 16). The Russian crisis led to a heated political crisis on the Yeltsin government. By august 23, 1998, Yeltsin fired the then prime minister Kiriyenko (Owyang, Chiodo 2002, p. 16). However, his intend to reinstate Chernomyrdin as the prime minister and his successor for the presidency received massive opposition by the parliament. This is because Chernomyrdin was claimed to have failed in implementing economic reforms in March 1998 when he was the prime minister (Tarassova, Kraakman, Black 2000, p. 31). The parliament nevertheless anonymously approved the appointment of Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov as the prime minister in September 11 as he was perceived as capable of resolving conflicts by Russias quarreling political interest groups. Conclusion It is clearly established that the Russian crisis 1998 was caused by structural weaknesses of Russias fiscal management as well as currency crisis, transparency and contagion. The ruble floating peg policy by the central bank compromised its foreign reserves thus limiting its ability to settle its international capital debts (McArdle 2010). This was further complicated by its huge wage debts and the eroded investor confidence which led to the sale of most their assets including rubles and stocks. Therefore, the crisis is a real example of the social, economic, and political implications of having poor government policies.

Cosby Park :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

Cosby Park The Great Smoky Mountains is one of the most famous parks in the United States. The park is known for its beautiful mountains and streams, clean air, and frequent rain. My local part of the park is Cosby, located in the Great Smoky Mountains eighty-two miles west of the East Tennessee State University campus (www.nps.gov.grsm.prcoscg.htm). The park is a wonderful, activity-filled stop for any student wanting to get away for a few days. The drive to Cosby passes by quickly because of all the interesting sites along the way. For example, Newport is home of the Thai Kitchen which has the best food I have ever tasted for only about $8.00 per person. The restaurant offers a variety of dishes such as chicken fried rice, spicy chicken basil fried rice, beef and broccoli and the excellent appetizers of egg rolls and crispy wontons. After stopping for dinner at the Thai Kitchen, you can travel 11 miles west to the Kyle Carver Orchard. The Kyle Carver Orchard was established in 1942 and spreads for over 75 acres. The orchard is known for its fresh cider and delicious apple pies that are fresh baked throughout the day (Heritage Tour 1). After eating your dessert at the Kyle Carver Orchard, you can travel the remaining seven miles to the park. Cosby is nestled in a prime spot located thirty minutes from Douglas Lake, Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, and Dollywood. The park has a large picnic area that is known for its frequent visits by the bears that love to snack on the tourists' picnic lunches. The park also offers year-around camping with a special camping area designated for those people with horses. The park has 175 camping sites, so the camping areas are very plentiful for any student wanting to camp for a few days (www.nps.gov/grsm/prcoscg.htm). Personally, my favorite things about the park are its hiking trails, the Low Gap and Appalachian Trails. The Low Gap hiking trail passes through the freezing Cosby Creek and continues along a beautiful scenic path. The paths are for hikers of any age because of their moderate trail grade. The paths host a variety of unusual flora and fauna including deer, snakes, and bears. In fact, I have never been on the trail without seeing a snake slithering along its path swimming in the creek. My favorite attraction along the Low Gap Trail is the natural spring that is piped down from the mountains.

A Policy Analysis The Proposition Economics Essay

Since the constitution of the current societal security system in worldwide, the issue of pension policy are still being discussed by the public assistance policy bookmans. In the procedure of pension policy reform, to be purely, the proposition of planetary pension policy development can be divided into two classs, one is pension denationalization ; the other one is pay-as-you-go manner. These two waies are calming taking the planetary pension reform. Presently, as the built up of the planetary administration mechanism and establishments in the universe, it facilitates the preparation and execution besides as national co-operation of societal policy in a globalized degree, therefore, it is a fact that international governmental organisations are playing a dominant function in the planetary policy airing. However, in the pension policy dimension, the demographic alteration is taging direct impact on the development of future planetary pension policy. In the field of the planetary pension discourse, the World Band and ILO are the two most dominant international governmental organisations, which have made important influence on the pension policy airing in many states and parts in the worldwide, nevertheless, confronting the demographic hazard, the World Bank and ILO presented a contrast response and attack in current societal pension reform severally. Therefore, a policy analysis of the World Bank and ILO ‘ s policy propositio ns in the field of pension issue makes a important aid for us to construe the hereafter planetary pension policy development In footings of the this state of affairs, this article carry on a policy analysis of planetary pension discourse through analysing different policy propositions between the World Bank and the ILO in planetary pension policy. More item, there are three chief intents of this policy analysis, foremost, it can assist us to understand how planetary policy histrions make important impact on different states or parts in a globalized degree ; secondly, it aims at giving an nonsubjective rating of the World Bank and ILO ‘s ain pension policy propositions ; thirdly, it promotes us to hold a nonsubjective thought about the hereafter planetary pension policy reform when we are confronting the ineluctable demographic alteration.Denationalization or Pay-As-You-Go?There is no uncertainty that the Work Bank and ILO besides made an tremendous part to the development of modern planetary pension system. However, their chief argument in pension policy discoure is whether we should the privatise pe nsion fund? For the World Bank, it points out that it is necessary for us to privatise pension system as the demographic crisis ; nevertheless, the ILO indicates that tax-financed and pay-as-you-go attack method can be continue to implemented although the demographic alteration is a possible hazard factor to destruct the current pension system.1.1The World Bank ‘s Critique of the Pay-As-You-Go SystemThe World Bank criticizes the dominant public pillar pension system is non an low-cost and sustainable attack when we are confronting the rapid demographic alteration. The basic premiss of the World Bank ‘ policy-marking is for the economic growing ( Orenstein, 2008 ) . This neo-liberalism brief determines that the World Bank confirms the positive impact of private market on bettering people ‘s wellbeings. Hence, in the field of pension policy-markingithe World Bank pays attending to whether the pension policy can convey to an effectual economic growing ; furthermore the World Band implicitly convinces that pension benefiters ‘ pension demands can be satisfied by the denationalization. Furthermore, it emphasizes the drawbacks of pay-as-you-go pension system are exposed wholly as the demographic passage. First, confronting the demographic alteration, it can non supply sustainable and effectual services for pension donees any more. On the one manus, this public funding manner is hard to avoid the generational pension debt ; Ervik ( p.36 ) stressed that: â€Å" Present coevalss therefore have an inexplicit debt towards future coevalss. † It can be expected that the societal pension demand will be increased as the bead of the birth rate and decease rate and the addition of the old people ‘ life anticipation. So if we do non specify a state ‘s part degree for current pension donees or do non increase the revenue enhancement, the fiscal debt will be worse ; one the other manus, the public funding method are taging a side-effect on the private market. he World Bank besides points out that pay-as-you-go pension system impede the economic system growing. As mentioned previouslyithe World Bank maintains that we can non portion more growing as the pay-as-you-go system crowd out a host of personal nest eggs and some wellness investing. It makes us to miss the chance to develop the capital market. These are the chief grounds why the World Bank criticizes that pay-as-you-go public pillar system is non a sustainable and low-cost attack. Thus, for obtaining a sustainable consequence for a long-run, it motivates the World Bank to set about pension policy reform.1.2The World Bank ‘s Pension Reform: Multi-pillar Pension SystemDue to the quickly demographic crisis and the mature of the public pension strategy, in a study by the World Bank ( 2005 ) demonstrated that traveling to a multi-pillar pension model was an effectual and sustainable theoretical account on work outing the emerging jobs. So the multi-pillar pension system is playing a cardinal function in the World Bank ‘s pension policy reform. In this sectionithere will be a reading and rating about the multi-pillar pension model. Harmonizing to the World Bank ‘s position, there are three pillars consist of the multi-pillar pension conceptual model ( World Bank, 2008 ) . In this conceptual model, financing methods and societal risk-resistant are different in different pillars. The first one is public pillar, which is compulsory and each eligible work must take portion in it, but participators merely afford defined part and this pillar will provider defined and minimum supports for old age donees, such as poorness. The 2nd 1 is the personal economy program, this program is besides compulsory, and participators can pull off their personal economy, nevertheless, their personal nest eggs are regulated by private sectors, their private economy will be managed and invested into private capital market. Therefore, the World Bank pointed out that the personal economy program is an effectual manner to develop the capital economic system and old age donees can obtain bigger public assistance portion in the terminal . As the World Bank policy study ( 1994, p.208 ) stated: â€Å" The compulsory salvaging pillar can be of import for increasing long term economy, speed uping capital market development, hiking investing in productive capital and proctor corporate public presentation. † The 3rd pillar is voluntary program, this pillar providers us different pension programs, participators can choose these pension program harmonizing to if they want more demand or which sort of specify need they want to acquire. Harmonizing to the Esping-Andersen ‘s public assistance government typology ( Andersen, 1990 ) , this multi-pillar construct model represents a typical public assistance redistribution attack with the characters of neo-liberalism government, on one manus, the multi-pillar pension system indicated that the authorities should take limited public assistance duties in the pension system ; on the other manus, it represented the critical function of private market in the pension reform . It can be said that the multi-pillar model is an effectual manner to get by with the demographic crisis. First, it is apparent that the defined part from pension remunerators can relief authorities ‘s financial force per unit area in a long term ; 2nd, the cost-related funding method is showing an equal intervention for each pension remunerator, because pension remunerators ‘ current parts are for their ain retirement benefits alternatively of current old age pension benefices. Third, it can be low-cost by most of current workers, as the multi-pillar pension system is more flexible, different funding method and salvaging programs can accommodate to persons ‘ economic ability and satisfy with persons ‘ different demands. Fourth, the multi-pillar system gives chance for developing the capital market. In short, for the long position, we can non deny that donees can obtain much more stable public assistance portions from a flourishing economic system.1.3 The ILO à ¢â‚¬Ëœs Policy Response: Retirement Age ExtensionConfronting the quickly demographic alteration, set abouting a societal pension reform has been strongly agreed by the World Bank. However, the ILO holds a contrastive attitude â€Å" The ILO has continued to endorse reform of pay-as-you-go pension system as the best manner frontward for most states. † as Yeates said ( 2008, p.220 ) . Furthermore, the grounds why the ILO is still take a firm standing on a contrasting attitude in the planetary pension policy reform besides can be recognized from its ain attitude towards to demographic alteration and broad capital markets. Governments ‘ duty is strengthened by the ILO in the public assistance policy-marking. The ILO is aim at developing nice work and constructing a list of common labour criterion, this purpose can be interpreted from the ILO ‘s positive histrion in the procedure of MDG, the ILO ‘s MDG ( Millennium Development Goals ) docket and even post-2015 docket ( ILO, 2012 ) pointed out that nice work and effectual protection are the basic attacks to work out poorness and hungriness. So in footings of this position, it can be recognized that the ILO strongly advocates to widening societal protection by authoritiess ‘ investings. In footings of the ILO ‘s basic premiss, it is impossible for the ILO to set about a pension denationalization, because the pension denationalization means that the ability of the societal protection system ‘s risk-resistant is reduced. Furthermore, the ILO besides confirms that demographic hazard is an inexplicit factor to destruct the pay-as-you-go pension system, and it can convey to the serious financial load for the remunerators and authorities, but we can work out the job through improve employment straight alternatively of set abouting a pension denationalization reform. The ILO points out that the extension of retirement age is the most effectual method to work out the pension jobs which is brought by aging society, such as the authorities ‘s financial and administrative load and current pension remunerators ‘ increasing revenue enhancement ( Erik,2005 ) . Hence, signifier these points of position ; it can be organized that the pension denationalization reform will take to three chief negative effects. First, it is weakening single ‘s ability of supporting markets ‘ hazard, The intent of public assistance de-commercialization is aimed at bettering persons ‘ ability of market risk-resistant ( Andersen,1990 ) , but the diminution of societal security ‘s de-commercialization grade makes a side consequence on the province ‘s public assistance system construction evidently. Second, as the denationalization pension lack the character of risk-pooling, so pension remunerators have to bear the effect of plus impairment loss by the market hazard separately. For case, the pension denationalization reform has halted due to the recent planetary periodical fiscal crisis ( Orenstein, 2011 ) . Third, the serious financial shortages have besides spread across many states in the procedure of pension reform, which besides shows that the inexplicit authorities ‘s debt crisis can non be eradicated by the pension denationalization reform. Hence, it besides can be revealed that the pension denationalization besides has many built-in advantages.2. Who is the Winner, the World Bank or ILO?In the survey by Orenstein ( 2004 ) indicated that the ILO ‘s pension policy proposition was playing a prima histrion during 1940s. It can be interpreted that the pay-as- you-go pension strategy was satisfied with the post-war states ‘ strong demand of obtaining a stable state of affairs from economic system development in a globalized degree. On one manus, the constitution of Pay-As-You-Go state pension system in worldwide could increase authoritiess ‘ duties and represented the authoritiess ‘ advantages of resource co-ordination in the field of societal security, it helped many states to work out different post-war societal jobs and enhanced societal stableness ; on the other manus, the pay-as-you-go state pension manner had protected post-war workers ‘ rights and led to the economic system recovery and societal reproduction efficaciously and expeditiously. Therefore, ILO ‘s pay-as-you-Go manner was still playing a dominant function in the development of planetary societal pension during the period of the post-World War II. However, temporarily, it is a fact that the World Bank is replacing the ILO to play a dominant function in taking the procedure of planetary pension policy. Harmonizing to the survey by Yeats ( 2008 ) , since early 1990s, more than 30 states in the universe have participated into the pension denationalization reform which is influenced by the World Bank. Hence, it can be said that the new-liberalism and privatized signifier are taking the planetary pension reform. Hence, organize a historical position, as a planetary policy histrion, the World Bank obtained an outstanding success in different planetary pension reform phrase. Nowadays, it can be said that Work Bank ‘s multi-pillar manner is the victor in this argument. Howeveriit does non intend that multi-pillar pension manner is non flawed. At the same clip, the ILO is get downing to rethink the pay-as-you-go pension manner. Its pension reconsideration besides make sense to the planetary pension policy strongly.3. The ILO ‘s Pension Policy Rethink and DevelopmentConfronting the Work Bank ‘s multi-pillar manner reform is continuing successfully by many states in the universe. The ILO ‘s began to rethink the Pay-As-You-Go pension policy. Its reconsideration besides make sense to the development of the pension reform. First, In footings of the demographic passage, the ILO Independent Evaluation Report ( ILO, 2010 ) strengthened a four-tiered pension scheme to widen the societal security, this new pension system ‘s maps is really similar with the Word Bank ‘s multi-pillar system. However, it besides has its ain alone feat ures, for the first tyre, it is a national mandatary pay-as-you-go system, nevertheless it is a sort of means-tested province pension which is focal point on the vulnerable group and low-income group ; the 2nd tyre besides is a compulsory pension which is based on personal revenue enhancement and pay-as-you-go funding, but the personal part is defined and limited. The 3rd tyre is the private nest eggs strategy ; the nest eggs is capitalized and self-regulated ; the 4th grade is the voluntary program, people can take part into different sorts of personal nest eggs program or informal public assistance program harmonizing to their ain certain demands. The design of the new four-tier pension system by the ILO demonstrates that the organisation bit by bit realized that of import function of denationalization in the context of globalisation, it besides confirms that defined private nest eggs is playing a necessary portion in the personal pension program. This new attitude demonstrates th at the ILO ‘s recognitions that pension donees widening benefits can take to the unsustainable development of the pay-as-you-go societal insurance strategy. But it should be paid attending that the pay-as-you-go funding manner and the rule of societal redistribution are still moving a dominant place in the ILO ‘s four-tiered system, oppositely, the function of denationalization is still in a weak. This is the chief divergency between the World Bank ‘s multi-pillar system and the ILO ‘s four-tiered system. In add-on, the ILO started to rethink the construction of societal insurance, the ILO argued that the grounds why the pay-as-you-go funding manner is failed in the pension argument is because the high coverage of pension strategy. As Bob Deacon ( 2007, p.66 ) said: â€Å" Pay-as-you-go pensions had become a privileged beginning of income in old age and the strategies had become a beginning of unfairness. † The World Social Security Report by ILO ( 201 0ip.53 ) besides stressed: â€Å" Incomplete pension coverage is a widespread phenomenoniit is seen non merely in developing countriesibut in industrialised states. † Thus the ILO requires to widening the societal security system, it means that, on one manus, the current societal insurance system should cut down the resource integrating grade of retirement pension ; on the other manus, other societal sectors and classs which have been neglected for a long clip by the authorities should be covered in the societal insurance system. The ILO ‘s pensions rethink besides makes an apparent part to the development of the planetary pension policy. On one manus, the argument of pension reform is non limited to discourse the high quality and pertinence of different pension manners. More significantly, rules of societal justness and societal rights are being extremely considered into the policy-making of current pensions strategies. All in all, its new policy position makes a important influence on the redistribution of planetary societal security resources and enriches future planetary pension development.4. Pension Policy Diffusion and Integration CampaignThe last portion chiefly analyzed the divergency between the Work Bank and the ILO in the field of planetary pension policy. Although, in general, they hold an opposite attitude in the statement of the planetary pension denationalization reform, as a planetary policy histrion, the Work Bank and ILO have many similarities in the field of planetary pension policy airing and administration. First, the integrating run is besides playing a dominant function in the spread of their pension policies severally ; in add-on, they are besides run intoing similar challenges in the procedure of planetary administration of pension policy. First, they besides do non hold formal power to coerce their givers to carry through their ain policy. Therefore, the maps of indirect integrating runs become really of import for them. Harmonizing to Jacoby ‘s ( 2004 ) categorization, inspiration, subsidy and partnership are most often used by planetary policy histrions into diffuse their ain policies. For case, the ILO ( 2010 ) has conducted an integrating run to develop current pension strategies and extend the societal security system. These three schemes besides be used in this integrating run, similar attacks are adopted by the World Bank in the procedure of its pension denationalization reform. that the integrating run is the dominant attack for planetary diffusion by the Work Bank and ILO. In add-on, the World Bank and ILO besides encounter with the same challenges in the run. First, Global histrions ‘ policies can conflict with certain public assistance governments. Harmonizing to Esping Andersen ‘s ( 1990 ) public assistance government typology, current public assistance governments can be divided into three conflicting governments. As sort of neo-liberalism public assistance manner, pension denationalization can be hard to be accepted by conservative governments ‘ public assistance provinces obviously ; the World Bank and ILO ‘s policy integrating runs can non be really effectual in democracy politic states. For the democracy states, policy issues must be discussed and decided through democratic politic mechanism, so it can be a possible obstruction to impede the procedure of planetary policy diffusion.5. In decisionThrough the pension policy analysis, foremost, it can be realized that the World Bank and ILO represent wholly opposite advocati ons in the planetary pension policy, nevertheless, their ain pension positions besides be profoundly influenced by two factors, one is their different organisation beliefs and rules, another one is their several understand to the current demographic passage, at the same clip, it should be recognized that planetary histrion ‘s policy would non be invariable all the clip, in contrast, histrions are go oning to rethink if their ain policy can be adapted to the altering universe ; secondly, the integrating run is playing an critical function in planetary pension policy diffusion by Third, planetary policy histrions are meeting the similar planetary challenges. Hence, it is necessary for different international governmental organisations to strength common duologues with each other in the field of policy issues and diffusion methods. ( Wordss: 3100 )

Why, according to Lee Kuan Yew, are Western democratic systems unsuited to East Asia?

Lee Kuan Yew, prime minister of Singapore between 1959 and 1990, and now Senior Minister of his country, commands much respect and influence in both the East and the West. This respect and influence reaches to the highest echelons of world leaders, to the vast multitude of academics, commentators and development strategists, and to the millions of people who live in East Asia. Regardless of whether or not this esteem is justified and deserved, ti is real, and therefore must be analysed, interpreted, criticised or praised while not forgetting the importance and effect his beliefs and proclamations have had, and will have. Any discussion of world politics, especially in East Asia, cannot ignore the hows, whys and wherefores of the current situation and the influence that current ideas and thought may have on the future. Lee's views have undoubtedly shaped his own country, certainly have influenced other governments in the region, and will definitely bear their markon the short- to mid-term future of East Asian politics. This explains the reasons why this essay solely deals with him. The essay is divided into three main sections. Firstly, I will discuss Lee's ideas and policies, and why he believes in an ‘Asian values' view of the politics of the region. Secondly, I will explore some of the responses that have been made in opposition to his views, and thirdly, I will present some observations and conclusions of my own. These observations will draw on some other problems and inconsistencies with Lee's ideas. Let us turn then to the man and his ideas. The central theme running through any study or discussion of his political ideas and actions is the importance that culture has on shaping the society and its structures. The shared history, traditions, make-up, worldview and social relationships are the key factors that determine how a state should be organised and governed. Thus, if the culture is different between two sets of peoples, then the resulting state structure and government type will also be different. Culture is the driver, the basis of society and the legitimacy used by those in power to decree what is best for their people. This viewpoint is often referred to as the ‘Asian values' system (Ng, 1997, Theodore de Bary, 1999, Hague & Harrop, 2001) and is summed up succinctly by the title of a famous interview with Lee which appeared in a 1994 edition of Foreign Affairs – ‘Culture is Destiny' (Zakiria, 1994). The importance that Lee places on the cultural aspect of a society does not mean that what is right for his country is also right for other countries. Whilst consistently dismissing Western-, and in particular, US-style democratic systems as valid models for Singapore, he does not suggest that the US-style system is neccessarily wrong for the US. It is not my business to tell people what's wrong with their system. It is my business to tell people not to foist their system indiscrimately on societies in which it will not work (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 110). This can be seen as a statement recognising the particularity of political systems depending on the society / culture in question. Whilst Lee has been described as being authoritarian, semi-, or soft-authoritarian, he certainly doesn't make claims for the world to be based on an Asian values system. It appears that his position is more concerned about keeping hold of power in Singapore rather than exporting it around the world. The main, fundamental as Lee calls it, cultural reason why Western democratic systems are unsuited to East Asia is the difference between the place and status of the individual in those societies. The fundamental difference between Western concepts of society and government and East Asian concepts†¦ is that Eastern societies believe that the individual exists in the context of his family. He is not pristine and separate. The family is part of the extended family, and the friends and the wider society. The ruler or government does not try to provide for a person what the family best provides (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 113). This focus on the moral and virtuous notion of society is stongly linked to Confucianism, so often portrayed as being fundamentally East Asian and always compared with Western systems. Lee's manifestation of this doctrine is used by him to legitimate and promote an East Asian society based on strong hierarchical structures to bring about social and political stability. In the East the main object is to have a well-ordered society so that everybody can have maximum enjoyment of his freedoms. This freedom can only exist in an ordered state and not in a natural state of contention and anarchy (Zakiria quoting Le, 1994, p. 111). These three main features of Lee's take on East Asia's political and social climate – culture, the place in society of the individual, and a well-ordered society – are admittedly affected and influenced by the West over time, and are not seen as developing without the impact of colonial rule and imperialism. †¦ ur Confucianism has been attenuated by 120 years of British rule and education in British and other English-speaking universities (IHT, 2001). But, despite this impact Lee steadfastly denies any further infusion of Western democracy into East Asia, especially Singapore. †¦ this doesn't mean we are going to be like a Western society. The values are different (de Borch, 2001). Lee is not the torch-h older for everyone though. Whilst he receives praise from his counterparts around the world, there are many in the academic and development strategist world that strongly disagree with him. Of course, it is not just a simple case of disagreeing over a matter of opinion, there are many valid and strong arguments against Lee's ideas. From this myriad of arguments, I have identified three main strands of contestation – historical arguments against Lee's ‘Asian values', the theoretical arguments concerning discussions of what democracy should be and how it should be followed in East Asia, and the problems and criticisms of the actually existing governing style of Lee. First then, arguments against Lee taken from history. There are two key aspects to this – the relevance of Confucianism to East Asia today, and evidence of a democratic tradition throughout East Asia's past. Famously, Max Weber theorised about the particular contribution to advanced capitalism of the ‘Protestant ethic'. This, in turn, explained how other cultures, including Confucian cultures, were not suited to advanced capitalism. Clearly this can now be questionned, especially if, as many commentators have said, that East Asia is economically dynamic. If Confucianism explains the economic boom in East Asia today, does it not also explain that region's stagnation for four centuries? Zakiria, 1994, p. 125). Kin Dae Jung, writing in response to the ‘Culture is Destiny' interview, identifies a strong tradition and history of democratic ideals and institutions in East Asia's past. This suggests that an argument could be made for ‘Asian values' actually referring to a much more democratic system than the Confucian-based one that Lee propagates. A thorough anaylsis makes it clear that Asia has a rich heritage of democracy-oriented philosophies and traditions. Asia has already made great strides toward democratisation and possesses the necessary conditions to develop democracy even beyond the level of the West (Jung, 1994, p. 91). The second major criticism of Lee comes from studies of the theoretical nature of democracy and what it means, shuold mean, or can mean to East Asia. The basic premise is that why should democracy only be relevant to particular cultures and why should particular cultures have to follow other political paths? This highlights the argument for democracy's universality. There is nothing special about torturing the Asian way†¦ human rights are human rights (Vatikiotis cited by Hague & Harrop, 2001, p. 29). The rejection of Western-style democracy by East Asian leaders is also seen by some as merely an excuse for not moving beyond ‘soft-authoritarianism' and into democracy. This is strongly tied up with the observation that this is simply the most effective way for leaders such as Lee to rule their countries. The biggest obstacle is not its cultural heritage but the resistance of authoritarian rulers and their apologists (Jung, 1994, p. 194). The third area of opposition to Lee's ideas that can be identified is that of problems with the actually exisitng state and society structures and institutions. For some, just observing Lee's form of rule is enough to reject his notions of what is the correct way to govern. These doubts stem chiefly from the Singapore government's undeniably harsh treatment of the opposition, as evidenced in its most recent elections (Ng, 1997, p. 21) Also, there appears to be two threats to the whole ‘Asian values' theory. Firstly, we have on the one hand Lee purporting to leave the individual's private matters to the individual, whilst on the other it can be observed that his government is actually intruding into the private sphere more than ever (Jung, 1994, p. 90). Secondly, an external threat is apparent from the global spread of modernisation. †¦ as an inevitable consequence of industrialisation, the family-centred East Asian societies are also rapidly moving toward self-centred individualism. Nothing in human history is permanent (Jun, 1994, p. 21). In conclusion it must be said that Lee's position in East Asia, and his reverance amongst Western opinion-formers should not distract us from dissecting and criticising his ideas. It is not good enough to assume that cultural traits should determine, worse still, justify the actions of governments, particularly Lee's. There should be certain aspects to a government and society that are unacceptable no matter what setting. Lee makes much of the need for a ‘well-ordered' society. The heavy-handed way this society is brought about blatantly contradicts Lee's notions of freedom. He talks of East Asians being able to have â€Å"maximum enjoyment of his freedoms† but Lee's notion of what is behaving and what is misbehaving sets a Singaporean's realm of freedom for him. This is certainly not the freedom that John Stuart Mill wrote about. It could be argued that it is better to have a society that is not so ‘well-ordered' but democratic, than it is to live in a society such as one that Lee envisages; faith must be placed with society to check its members' activities rather than have all aspects of life limited by an all-seeing government. Lee's ways may also only be suited to a small state such as Singapore. Even he admits that, within that small population, total control is practically impossible. This for me leads to the heart of the importance placed by Lee on ‘Asian values' and why Western ideas of democracy are unsuited to East Asia. It is very hard to escape the conclusion that the justification of ‘Asian values' is solely a political smokescreen to maintain power. It is even harder to escape this conclusion when the man himself proclaims: So when Americans tell me: you ought to govern in this way, I say thank you very much, I have listened to you very carefully, if I don't think we are ready for that, I have to do it my way (IHT, 2001, my emphasis).

Acids and Bases Terms and Definitions

Acids and Bases Terms and Definitions There are several methods of defining acids and bases. While these definitions dont contradict each other, they do vary in how inclusive they are. The most common definitions of acids and bases are Arrhenius acids and bases, Brà ¸nsted-Lowry  acids and bases, and Lewis acids and bases. Antoine Lavoisier, Humphry Davy, and Justus Liebig also made observations regarding acids and bases, but didnt formalize definitions. Svante Arrhenius  Acids and Bases The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases dates back to 1884, building on his observation that salts, such as sodium chloride, dissociate into what he termed ions when placed into water. acids produce H ions in aqueous solutionsbases produce OH- ions in aqueous solutionswater required, so only allows for aqueous solutionsonly protic acids are allowed; required to produce hydrogen ionsonly hydroxide bases are allowed Johannes Nicolaus Brà ¸nsted - Thomas Martin Lowry Acids and Bases The  Brà ¸nsted or  Brà ¸nsted-Lowry theory describes acid-base reactions as an acid releasing a proton and a base accepting a proton. While the acid definition is pretty much the same as that proposed by Arrhenius (a hydrogen ion is a proton), the definition of what constitutes a base is much broader. acids are proton donorsbases are proton acceptorsaqueous solutions are permissiblebases besides hydroxides are permissibleonly protic acids are allowed Gilbert Newton Lewis  Acids and Bases The Lewis theory of acids and bases is the least restrictive model. It doesnt deal with protons at all, but deals exclusively with electron pairs. acids are electron pair acceptorsbases are electron pair donorsleast restrictive of the acid-base definitions Properties of Acids and Bases Robert Boyle described the qualities of acids and bases in 1661. These characteristics may be used to easily distinguish between the two sets up chemicals without performing complicated tests: Acids taste sour (dont taste them!)- the word acid comes from the Latin acere, which means souracids are corrosiveacids change litmus (a blue vegetable dye) from blue to redtheir aqueous (water) solutions conduct electric current (are electrolytes)react with bases to form salts and waterevolve hydrogen gas (H2) upon reaction with an active metal (such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, zinc, aluminum) Common Acids citric acid (from certain fruits and veggies, notably citrus fruits)ascorbic acid (vitamin C, as from certain fruits)vinegar (5% acetic acid)carbonic acid (for carbonation of soft drinks)lactic acid (in buttermilk) Bases taste bitter (dont taste them!)feel slippery or soapy (dont arbitrarily touch them!)bases dont change the color of litmus; they can turn red (acidified) litmus back to bluetheir aqueous (water) solutions conduct an electric current (are electrolytes)react with acids to form salts and water Common Bases detergentssoaplye (NaOH)household ammonia (aqueous) Strong and Weak Acids and Bases The strength of acids and bases depends on their ability to dissociate or break into their ions in water. A strong acid or strong base completely dissociates (e.g., HCl or NaOH), while a weak acid or weak base only partially dissociates (e.g., acetic acid). The acid dissociation constant and base dissociation constant indicates the relative strength of an acid or base. The acid dissociation constant Ka is the equilibrium constant of an acid-base dissociation: HA H2O ⇆ A- H3O where HA is the acid and A- is the conjugate base. Ka [A-][H3O] / [HA][H2O] This is used to calculate pKa, the logarithmic constant: pka - log10 Ka The larger the pKa value, the smaller the dissociation of the acid and the weaker the acid. Strong acids have a pKa of less than -2.

Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Themes

Mark Twain tells us of the adventures young Huckleberry Finn experiences in his book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Throughout Huck’s adventures, he learns to tell the moral people from the dishonest and finds where he stands on the issues of superstition, religion, slavery, and freedom. Even though several themes are sporadically mentioned, the themes of superstitions and immorality seem to be more frequently apparent in Huck’s life. Superstitions are brought up many times throughout the book, and were never taken lightly. For example, Huck was sleeping one night when he saw a spider crawling and said, â€Å" I didn’t need nobody to tell me that was an awful bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck (Twain 4).† True, spiders are disgusting and terrifying, but since when are they a cause of bad luck? Usually creepy crawly arachnids would fascinate a young boy, but Huck was fearful due to a mere superstition. Also, Huck tells us about Jim’s good-luck charm. He says, â€Å"...a hairball as big as a fist... used to do magic with, and knowed everything (Twain 23).† Sometimes people will look to anything to help them with troubles they may be having, some even resort to an ox’s hairball. This ball of regurgitated hair has some mystical powers and can help the boys when they seek answers, what else could you ask for? Finally, Huck reminds Jim what he had told him. He says,â₠¬  You said it was the worst luck in the world to touch a snake skin with my hand (Twain 68).† Touching a snake skin and getting bad luck seems similar to the spider incident, maybe creepy-crawly creatures are more than just gross. Possibly snakeskin can affect the mind in a horrible manner, or somehow make you ill, only one way to find out. Due to the frequent mention of superstitions, we can conclude they played a rather large role in the life of Huck. Throughout Huck’s life, he is surrounded by role models that often have a negative i... Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Themes Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Themes Mark Twain tells us of the adventures young Huckleberry Finn experiences in his book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Throughout Huck’s adventures, he learns to tell the moral people from the dishonest and finds where he stands on the issues of superstition, religion, slavery, and freedom. Even though several themes are sporadically mentioned, the themes of superstitions and immorality seem to be more frequently apparent in Huck’s life. Superstitions are brought up many times throughout the book, and were never taken lightly. For example, Huck was sleeping one night when he saw a spider crawling and said, â€Å" I didn’t need nobody to tell me that was an awful bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck (Twain 4).† True, spiders are disgusting and terrifying, but since when are they a cause of bad luck? Usually creepy crawly arachnids would fascinate a young boy, but Huck was fearful due to a mere superstition. Also, Huck tells us about Jim’s good-luck charm. He says, â€Å"...a hairball as big as a fist... used to do magic with, and knowed everything (Twain 23).† Sometimes people will look to anything to help them with troubles they may be having, some even resort to an ox’s hairball. This ball of regurgitated hair has some mystical powers and can help the boys when they seek answers, what else could you ask for? Finally, Huck reminds Jim what he had told him. He says,â₠¬  You said it was the worst luck in the world to touch a snake skin with my hand (Twain 68).† Touching a snake skin and getting bad luck seems similar to the spider incident, maybe creepy-crawly creatures are more than just gross. Possibly snakeskin can affect the mind in a horrible manner, or somehow make you ill, only one way to find out. Due to the frequent mention of superstitions, we can conclude they played a rather large role in the life of Huck. Throughout Huck’s life, he is surrounded by role models that often have a negative i...

Agency and Deterministic Theories

Enthusiasm for the focused results of organizational marvels has become altogether in the course of the most recent quite a long while. Generally, this intrigue has shown itself in 'procedure execution' investigate. Customary system execution researchers have concentrated the procedures through which a firm picks its techniques and in addition the procedures through which those techniques are executed. In this exertion, these researchers have depended vigorously on thoughts and hypotheses taken from organizational financial matters (e.g., exchange cost financial aspects, office theory), organizational theory (e.g., models of formal organizational structures), organizational conduct (e.g., initiative, individual and cooperative choice making). A theory was characterized as including models, definitional frameworks, explanatory composition, and effective builds. The criteria shown to assess a theory as critical were that the theory (1) ought to have demonstrated valuable in comprehension, clarifying, and anticipating the working of organizations or the conduct of individuals in them; (2) ought to have produced huge research; and (3) ought to have clear ramifications for practice and application in some region of administration or organizational working. The researcher is going to explore agency theory as well as the deterministic theory to make our understanding of organizational actions (Agnihotri, 2014). The organization theory writing is loaded with deterministic possibility hypotheses in which the part of the human decision is consigned to a place very optional to the goals of ecological turbulence, innovative procedures, size and proprietorship, data handling necessities or normal determination forms. For instance, proposed connections with respect to "integrity of fit" contemplations amongst organizations and condition suggest that the outline of an organization takes after pretty much consequently from the degrees of variety and many-sided quality displayed by the earth. What such hypotheses do is accept that these "relevant" limitations are official in their belongings and drastically diminish the scope of organizational reaction other options to those that will create the correct "fit" with the autonomous variable being referred to. Camelia (2015) condenses this view succinctly in the opening section of Organizations in real life. He contends that organizations do a portion of the essential things they do on the grounds that they should—or something bad might happen! Later on, he expresses that the "factors controlled by the organization are subordinated to the requirements and possibilities. In differentiating shut framework and open-framework techniques for examining organizations, Hong-wei & John (2013) permit as how the last lets in a bigger number of factors than a man can grasp at one time, bringing about unusualness and vulnerability, and the previous gives the mental solace of expecting determinacy. In spite of the fact that Thom was alluding to the instabilities confronted by a manager, on the off chance that one looks carefully enough, one notification the creator's motivation of lessening his own logical vulnerability by looking for determinacy among the calculated and observational plans acces sible. Determinism is one normal for the organizational writing referred to. Another is reductionism: the reviews tend to concentrate on one free factor (e.g., the level of turbulence) as it makes administrators control one-word variable (e.g., structure). Furthermore, the hypotheses, by and large, are gotten from static, cross-sectional connection considers, which exhibit issues of causal deduction: these sorts of investigations expect that the frameworks being contemplated are in equilibria. In one review that endeavored to rectify for both of these restrictions, Krstov & Vodopivec (2012) looked for hypothetical combination by analyzing how rates of progress of two autonomous factors (size and innovation) influence the rates of progress of two ward factors (many-sided quality and basic separation). In any case, even with a dynamic examination, they found that clarifications for the impacts of the two relevant factors together proved unable to be created. In this manner, they were diminish ed to isolate causal models for every free factor. As contended beneath, maybe the quest for deterministic clarifications drive this reductionism. Agency theory has been utilized by researchers in bookkeeping, financial matters, fund, advertising, political science, organizational conduct, and human science. However, it is as yet encompassed by discussion. Its advocates contend that a transformation is close by and that the establishment of an intense theory of organizations is being established. Its spoilers call it unimportant, dehumanizing, and even "hazardous". In spite of Manral’s (2010) affirmation that agency theory is altogether different from organization theory, agency theory has a few connections to standard organization points of view. At its foundations, agency theory is steady with the work of art works of Manzur & Claudio (2017) on the way of agreeable conduct and on the incitements and commitments of the business relationship. As in this prior work, the heart of agency theory is the objective clash intrinsic when people with varying inclinations take part in a helpful exertion, and the basic similitude is that of the agreement. Agency theory is likewise like political models of organizations. Both agency and political points of view accept the quest for self-enthusiasm at the individual level and objective clash at the organizational level. Likewise, in both points of view, data asymmetry is connected to the energy of lower request members. The distinction is that in political models objective clashes are settled through dealing, transaction, and coalitions—the power component of political science. In agency theory, they are settled through the alignment of motivations—the value instrument of financial aspects (Martyn et al, 2017). Agency theory additionally is like the data handling ways to deal with possibility theory. Both points of view are data hypotheses. They accept that people are bounded sound and that data is disseminated lopsidedly all through the organization. They likewise are effectiveness hypotheses; that is, they utilize effective preparing of data as a basis for picking among different arranging frames. The distinction between the two is their concentration: In possibility, theory scientists are worried about the ideal organizing of detailing connections and basic leadership duties, though in agency theory they are worried about the ideal organizing of control connections coming about because of these detailing and basic leadership designs. For instance, utilizing possibility theory, we would be worried about whether a firm is sorted out in a divisional or network structure (Richard & Gordon, 2016). In the omnipresent mission for the diminishment of vulnerability, maybe people require the variable-lessening capacity that deterministic hypotheses give. From inside the approach, writing comes clarifications of firm conduct in which directors try to diminish the quantity of possibilities and blueprints from which they should react (Selene et al, 2015). What's more, despite the fact that the sane through a school of arrangement plan places the outlining of organizations as the sane procedure of executing a technique, organization structures themselves influence future choices what's more, place limitations on resulting system development. Manral’s (2010) investigation of city government introduces an institutional model in which approach results are affected by which authoritative structure (chairman gathering or board supervisor) is utilized. Subsequently, institutionalized working systems, standardized parts, individual domains, and power connections inter conspire such tha t lone incremental and peripheral choices landed at through arranging and consecutive regard for objectives can prevail with regards to starting changes. Since monstrous reorganization ordinarily is viewed as unrealistic from a cost stance and is extremely opposed on account of its danger to existing force bases and its impact of reestablishing vulnerabilities natural in the changing of formal connections, basic dormancy offers to ascend to the incrementalism. Correspondingly, contending coalition bunches with vulnerability lessening standard working strategies advance consequentialism in objective mindfulness and fill in as smothering snags to breadth in system definition. The "political strengths" impact on the system so relevantly depicted by (Simchi-Levi, Bramel, & Chen, 2014) likewise work vertically inside chains of command to influence policy results by affecting the transmission of data to the policymakers. This "political process" view is deterministic as in strategy results are controlled by powers outside the ability to control or insight of the policymaker; results fitting in with earlier expectations or activity are, best case scenario, unplanned. In a survey of models of "balanced" decision, Mar made the qualification between models of figured discernment, in which individual aims do manage individual (smaller scale) practices, and systemic judiciousness, in which expectations are found or learned as the organizational activity spreads out (Yahyagil, 2015). In either case, results are the result of (some of the time arbitrary) assemble communication, not administration. For instance, one model of ascertained discernment is Alistair & Sà ©bastien’s (2017) "trash can" model of organizational decision, in which choices are created by the obvious propensity of individuals, issues, arrangements, and decisions to be joined by the generally subjective mishaps of their synchronization as opposed to them at first sight pertinence to each other. Presently, one ramification of determinism is that there are sure logical laws (cause-impact connections) that administer occasions. Those laws are discoverable through experimentation, either by researchers or by experts. In this soul, one systemic model, versatile levelheadedness, proposes that if the world and inclinations are steady and the experience sufficiently delayed, the conduct will approach the conduct that would be picked objectively on the premise of great information. At the end of the day, there are a few (deterministic) laws at work which will be found by supervisors as gathered experience licenses them to be uncovered. The above arrangement writing has a tendency to underscore interior structure or political determinants of approach, yet other research keeps up that procedure regularly is most certainly not figured (inside the firm) however is consulted with outer gatherings in the earth. This is particularly valid in government-controlled ventures (e.g., utilities) in which the "zone of key attentiveness" for top-level corporate chiefs is being diminished. Taking after this "outside limitation" perspective of the policymaking procedure, the revelation of new open doors and choices is not really the result of objective ecological examining, as proposed by defenders of key arranging; these options regularly are introduced to the chief by components in the earth itself. For instance, Camelia (2015) proposes that not rarely chiefs' consideration is called to key open doors by sources outside the firm; and this was the reason for Jain (2015) theory that the remote speculation choices made the American multinational firms were the consequence of getting proposition from difficult to overlook sources in their surroundings, (for example, outside governments, customers, and so on.), as opposed to from either casual or formal pursuit. Then again, a "balanced" way to deal with aligning with the earth, for example, collaborating or converging with different organizations, might be blocked, turned around, or generally upset by administrative activity. Taking after this pattern of distinguishing the "powers from without" that compel procedure making, another current line of research in a vital administration is spoken to by the utilization of industry financial aspects in examining the focused conduct of firms inside specific modern conditions. Modern organization financial matters place an industry "structure" (number and size of firms, the level of interest, and so forth), which decides the characteristic benefit of a specific industry. Vital administration researchers have refined this introduction by endeavoring to clarify contrasts in the execution of individual firms inside ventures. This exploration accepts that an arrangement of organization activities (systems) can be coordinated to industry goals to accomplish maximal execution (Rubà ©n et al, 2014). This paper has contended for a move in the path look into in methodology is directed keeping in mind the end goal to envelop the innovative action inferred in its administration. This involves a suspension of conventional direct thinking and the reception of a persuasive perspective. This is not a one of a kind viewpoint. A more legitimate viewpoint lies in the center. Agency theory gives a remarkable, realistic, and exactly testable viewpoint on issues of agreeable exertion. The expectation of this paper is to elucidate a portion of the perplexity encompassing agency theory and to lead organizational researchers to utilize agency theory in their investigation of the expansive scope of central specialist issues confronting firms. Agnihotri, A. (2014). Corporate reputation based theory of choice between organic, hybrid and inorganic growth strategies. Corporate Communications, An International Journal, 19(3), 247-259. Alistair Anderson , Sà ©bastien Ronteau. (2017). Towards an entrepreneurial theory of practice; emerging ideas for emerging economies. Journal of Entreprenuership in Emerging Economies, 110-120. Camelia, D. (2015). Grey systems theory in economics – a historical applications review. Grey Systems: Theory and Application, 5(2), 263-276. Hong-wei Hei, John Balmer. (2013). A grounded theory of the corporate identity and corporate strategy dynamic: A corporate marketing perspective. European Journal of Marketing, 47(3-4), 410-430. Jain, A. K. (2015). Volunteerism and organisational culture: Relationship to organizational commitment and citizenship behaviors in India. Cross Cultural Management, 116-144. Krstov, L., & Vodopivec, R. (2012). Global business in the supply chain and the dynamic effect of organizational rules. Upravlenie razvitieto na organizaciite, 43(4), 96-119. Manral, L. (2010). Towards a theory of endogenous market structure in strategy: Exploring the endogeneity of demand?side determinants of firm investment strategy and market structure. Journal of Strategy and Management, 3(4), 352-373. Manzur Rahman , Claudio Carpano. (2017). National corporate social policy, corporate governance systems, and organizational capabilities. Coporate Governance: The international journal of Business in Society, 13-29. Martyn Gosling, James Richard, Yuri Seo. (2017). Markets and market boundaries: a social practice approach. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 27(2), 408-426. Richard N Landers, Gordon B Schmidt. (2016). Social Media in Employee Selection and Recruitment: Theory, Practice, and Current Challenges (illustrated ed.). Springer. Rubà ©n Sarabia-Pà ©rez , Antonio Jimeno-Morenilla , Rafael Molina-Carmona. (2014). Deterministic mathematical morphology for CAD/CAM. Engeneering Computations, 1221-1241. Selene de Souza Siqueira Soares , Maria Sylvia Macchione Saes , Luiz Fernando de Oriani Paulillo. (2015). Brazilian ethanol market: Organizational change and impacts on the governance structures of distribution firms, 2000-2012. British Food Journal, 2532-2546. Simchi-Levi, D., Bramel, J., & Chen, X. (2014). The logic of logistics : theory, algorithms, and applications for logistics and supply chain management (4 ed.). New York: Springer. Yahyagil, M. Y. (2015). Constructing a typology of culture in organizational behavior. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 506-527.  

Internal and external Environments for the oil and gas management Essay

Internal and external Environments for the oil and gas management - Essay Example The theory of peak oil is largely based on Hubbert’s work. He foresaw peak oil production in 48 countries of the U.S. The theory is represented in a bell curve showing the sudden rise in discovery of oil reserves declining gradually as the rate of reservoir discovery slows down. Significant inferences have been made about the peak oil theory. Increase in oil prices will be intensely felt with respect to transportation of energy fuels. Air transport is likely to face a sad demise as it is heavily dependent on oil. Ultimately, the unfortunate picture demonstrates that the tourist-dependent areas will largely suffer because of the fall in the peak. Higher transportation costs signal higher food costs; we are not self-sufficient societies anymore hence, industrial agriculture will suffer. This on the contrary means that the organic foods department will thrive on its own because it is not dependent on oil as much. Peak oil theorists predict the aforementioned possibilities . Expert analysts delve into the evaluation and usefulness of alternative energy sources in the long-run. The alternative sources need to be cost effective; these can be divided into liquid biofuels and other category which involves hydrogen and electricity. Biofuels can easily enter into the transportation market in the next decade. Biofuels have their environmental advantages as well which gives them an edge over petroleum. Experts are still discovering the potential uses of carbon cars, sticks and carrots, hydropower, solar energy etc. The need of the hour is to subsidize agencies and organizations to make efficacious use of these resources (Kopp, 2006). The research analysts studying oil and gas management also focus on the extent to which U.S and other oil producing countries are dependent on OPEC, a prestigious corporation. OPEC plays a major role in determining the prices of oil and

Special Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Special Education - Essay Example The term low-incidence disability is used to refer to these individuals, because the occurrence of such disabilities is less than 1% of the general population (Horner, Albin, Todd & Sprague, 2006). The numbers of students with such disabilities are accordingly less. But the important consideration for these students is the support that is required to help them participate in the community and to live a decent life similar to that of other citizens. Such students will need support for mobility, communication, self-care and learning (Horner, et al., 2006). While these students may have the capacity to learn, they must have lifelong support as well. Because legislation provides for the education of all students, these individuals must be educated to the levels of their abilities (No Child Left Behind Act of 2001). There's a need for providing them an opportunity to function without the stereotypes that exist about their potential. Students who can learn language acquisition skills can be taught the standards as required in the functional academics standards. There are three levels of language for students with severe disabilities: pre-symbolic, early symbolic and expanded symbolic (Horner, et al., 2006). Because some students are not able to respond to words and pictures, there is also a stage called non-symbolic. Non-symbolic communication can involve the use of technology to attract a student's attention. Daily routines can be established to interest students in books on tapes, artwork, writing and drawing centers. One way to teach students is with picture "reading." Picture communication boards are available to provide a means for students to indicate preferences of their needs and wants. Picture boards can be individualized so that specific students use their own boards to show the teachers what they want to do or what they need. This provides the teacher with direct information about the student's needs, rather than having to guess about the problem at hand. Because of their exceptionalities, students with low-incidence disabilities are usually educated in a setting designed for their support. Without this special setting, these students may not receive the appropriate educational program required. Many school districts have created facilities to provide educational opportunities for students between the ages of 16 and 21. Certified teachers must serve this population. Without appropriate training, many special education teachers find it difficult to teach such students. Also, opportunities for mastery of objectives by the students are limited because of their disabilities. Sustained efforts on the part of the teachers results in good achievement for the students in the classroom. The problem for teachers is to find ways and means to modify their teaching techniques and students' behaviors to produce learning. There must be a strictly defined plan for all students who are included in this group through the required Individualized Educati onal Plan (IEP). Also, there must be some methodology for intervening to produce mastery of standards. Students in this group are often difficult to teach and to control. Sometimes their undesirable behavior prevents them from learning. The primary problem

Mid-term history exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Mid-term history exam - Essay Example In fact, fabrics made in the home with techniques that remained largely unchanged since the Middle Ages. The machines used within the home to make textile fabrics were small and either hand-powered or powered by hand. The Industrial Revolution, however, replaced these hand-powered machines with coal and put the manufacturing responsibilities in the hands of a centralized factory system (Backer). These coal-powered technologies, along with the steam engine, are the most commonly cited cause of the Industrial Revolution (Hudson). James Watt’s development of the steam engine allowed the transformation of fuel into mechanical work, which quickly became a staple instrument in a variety of different industries including powering locomotives, ships, textile machines, and automobiles. However, other explanations may aid in explaining why the Revolution occurred. One theory states that capitalism is responsible for the Revolution, insofar as capitalism incited merchants to take more co ntrol over their workers. When workers were paid a piecework rate in a factory, as opposed to the home, workers would produce more in order to have a better lifestyle. Centralization of material production into factories was the inevitable result of the capitalist system (Backer). Another theory looks at the differences in scientific knowledge between countries and tries to look at the Revolution in terms of what countries and cultures were able to think â€Å"mechanically† (Backer). In need, one of the first countries capable of such â€Å"mechanical† thinking was Great Britain, which is commonly believed to have been the first country to industrialize. In the case of England, science and dissemination of practical scientific knowledge played a large role. At that time, the new science of Newton was clearly associated with applied science. Those scientists disseminated their knowledge to an interested public for commercial and practical reasons through talks like the famous Boyle lectures and by various scientific societies like the Royal Society of London (Hudson). In many ways, the development of science in England and the development of industrialization in England were inextricably tied together. â€Å"By the end of the century it was simply assumed that the mechanization of manufacturing, and hence of labor, required a working knowledge of Newtonian science† (Jacob 167). Also, the concentration of knowledge into the limited land mass of the British isle may also have played a role in contributing to industrialization. Even though England was a source of new scientific knowledge, it would have been difficult to disseminate that knowledge if the country was less densely populated like continental Europe (Jacob 160-163). The Industrial Revolution left a number of social effects on England throughout the rest of the 19th and 20th centuries. For one, it led to the birth of the modern factory and, consequently, the modern city that develop ed around the factories. These factory towns brought in employees from all of the country looking for opportunities in the new industrialized world. A negative consequence of this was, of course, child labor. Child mortality rates increased throughout the industrialization period because parents would send their children off to dangerous employment in specialized tasks within the factories (Hudson). Although child labor existed prior to industrialization, it became a present phenomenon in society, in which children as young as four

Chemistry Research Paper - Vitamin B12 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemistry - Vitamin B12 - Research Paper Example The cobalt ? position, which is the region below the corrin ring plane, may either be open or could be occupied by a side chain of a heterocyclic nitrogen or the solvent (Combs 55). Methyl, nitro, aqua, sulfato, sulfito, hydroxo, 5-deoxyadenosyl, Br-, CN- or a Cl- group may occupy the cobalt ? position, which is the region above the corrin ring plane (Combs 55). The molecule is an octahedral complex, which apart from the corrin ring, also contains a nucleotide along with another cobalt bound group. The corrin ring is formed of four pyrrole rings, three of which are linked with methylene bridges and one with a direct bond. The cobalt atom (Co3+) at the center of the corrin ring is triply ionized and is bound to the nitrogen atoms of the four pyrrole rings (Combs 56). Chemistry Removal of the central cobalt atom of the molecule results in loss of biological activity. Like all corrinoids, vitamin B12 is a crystalline substance with absorption spectra above 300 nm due to ?-? transitions in the corrin ring (Combs 56). It is yellow, red or red-orange in color, is soluble in water, fairly heat stable, and decomposes above 210Â °C (Combs 57). ... Functions and Mechanism Vitamin B12 has a key role in the metabolism of folate in the human body (Insel et al. 452). It transfers a methyl group from the folate coenzyme Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) converting THFA to its methylene form. In absence of the vitamin, THFA cannot transform into its methylene form, which is its active form that is involved in many metabolic pathways (Insel et al. 452). As THFA is involved in folate metabolism, deficiency of vitamin B12 results in the deficiency of folate because of absence of active form of THFA. Therefore, vitamin B12 deficiency amounts to folate deficiency, which in turn leads to megaloblastic anemia. Several enzymes that convert homocysteine to methionine are also dependant on vitamin B12 and THFA. Conversion of homocysteine to methionine reduces the levels of homocysteine in the blood, thereby lowering the risk of heart diseases. This mechanism is affected in case of vitamin B12 deficiency (Insel et al. 453). Vitamin B12 also functions in the maintenance of the myelin sheath, which is a protective coat surrounding nerve fibres (Insel et al. 453). Moreover, some fatty acid chains require rearrangement of their carbon atoms in order to enter the citric acid cycle. This function is also performed by vitamin B12 (Insel et al. 453). Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver and can last for about 2 years, while the symptoms of its deficiency may not be apparent for up to almost 12 years (Insel et al. 454). Anemia is the major outcome of vitamin B12 deficiency. In absence of vitamin B12 and in turn, folate, megaloblasts are formed instead of red blood cells, leading to megaloblastic anemia. Vitamin B12 deficiency also results in cognitive defects by causing

Analysis on the Importance of HR Practices in Managing Organisations Essay

Analysis on the Importance of HR Practices in Managing Organisations - Essay Example Analysis on the Importance of HR Practices in Managing Organisations The literature suggests of the importance of managing human resources for the benefit of the company, but this practice is apparent to the large organizations. HR practice in SME has been the center of research because of the issues raised. The study found out that the size of the company is congruent to the choice of implementing HR policies because of resource constraints. This paper analyses the significance of HR practices such as training and development in managing organisations. Resourcing an Organisation SME has captured the attention of researchers due to its rapid growth which contributes to the national economy. Thousands of small businesses are established, which increase the employment of individuals; hence, failure of small businesses to remain in their business operation hurt the economy. Europe and UK narrate that two-third of its job are employed in SME, but the enterprises lose a huge number of jobs due to business failure. The business failure of SMEs is caused by the poor management of resource and informal practices of HRM. Beaver and Hutchings support that SME rejects the value of HR as the source of gaining competitive advantage. Due to their lack of knowledge in the managerial aspect, the growth of the company is sacrificed. Furthermore, majority of small and medium enterprises believe that HR practices are hindrances to the generation of profits because training and development require budget. ... commitment, adaptability, and consideration of employee.† To emphasize commitment, SME should adapt HR policies to strengthen the loyalty of employees and motivate them to render their maximum potential. Thus, it is inappropriate for SME to think that HR policies will lead to unproductive. â€Å"The management of people is strategic to success† (Harney & Dundon, 2006, p.48). This statement accentuates the role of HRM in aiding companies to achieve their mission statement. The knowledge on HRM is critical in ensuring that right employees are recruited and trained at the right time. Zheng, et al. (2009, p.177) confirm that â€Å"consistent and effective manner† of human resources management through recruiting and maintaining competitive staff who are talented will add to the companies’ competitive advantage and â€Å"sustain superior performance in the longer term.† Therefore, the failure of most companies is rooted to their inability to support HR pra ctices. In UK, the government encourages SMEs to implement HR best practices because of its positive outcome to the organisational performance. Studies have shown that companies employing HRM have attained excellent performance compared to those who are neglecting HR (Bacon & Hoque, 2005, p.1977). According to Pfeffer (1994 cited in Reid, et al., 2002, p.249), successful organisations have common HR practices such as â€Å"employment security, self-managed teams, extensive training, high compensation contingent on organisational performance, recruitment, sharing of information, and reduction of status differences.† The HR practices of organisations motivate employees to be competitive and productive in their job design and role designation. Job design and role specifications are crucial in matching the talents of the

Fine and Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Gradation Essay

Fine and Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Gradation - Essay Example Any aggregate that should be used for any construction must be based on certain quality information. Such information can be obtained after experimental tests have been done on the sample and measured to ascertain its standards. Basically, ASTM C33 is one of the accords for concrete specification for both fine and coarse aggregates (Ward, 2004). From the graphs, the fineness modulus can be obtained for both coarse and fine aggregates. Normally, the entire mass of the material should correspond with the original mass after sieving and should not be greater than 0.3%.If the results is greater than that value, then it should not be used because it will have exceeded the acceptance level (Ward, 2004). According to ASTM C 33, an aggregate which can fail to meet the sieve analysis provisions might be accepted, that is if it validates that the concrete prepared with such fine aggregate will have crucial properties andshould comply specific requirements. On the other hand, when a specified grading is chosen, close control should be done in order to minimise disparity. If a wider deviation is used in coarse aggregate ensued on a certain project, it is recommended to adjust the mix proportion in order to obtain a workable and effective concrete (Ward, 2004). Finally, the ASTM C 33 requires that, for any ongoing consignments from any source, the fineness modulus of a fine aggregate should not be more than 0.20. Furthermore, if the fineness modulus is very much different from that used in selection of proportions, then adjustments should be made in ratios of fine and coarse aggregates. Maintenance of uniformity in production of aggregates is more economical and cheap than adjustment of variations in grading. It can be deduced that the fineness modules depends on the coarser or softness of the material. The coarser the aggregate the higher the fineness modulus, similarly the finer the

Analysis on the Importance of HR Practices in Managing Organisations Essay

Analysis on the Importance of HR Practices in Managing Organisations - Essay Example Analysis on the Importance of HR Practices in Managing Organisations The literature suggests of the importance of managing human resources for the benefit of the company, but this practice is apparent to the large organizations. HR practice in SME has been the center of research because of the issues raised. The study found out that the size of the company is congruent to the choice of implementing HR policies because of resource constraints. This paper analyses the significance of HR practices such as training and development in managing organisations. Resourcing an Organisation SME has captured the attention of researchers due to its rapid growth which contributes to the national economy. Thousands of small businesses are established, which increase the employment of individuals; hence, failure of small businesses to remain in their business operation hurt the economy. Europe and UK narrate that two-third of its job are employed in SME, but the enterprises lose a huge number of jobs due to business failure. The business failure of SMEs is caused by the poor management of resource and informal practices of HRM. Beaver and Hutchings support that SME rejects the value of HR as the source of gaining competitive advantage. Due to their lack of knowledge in the managerial aspect, the growth of the company is sacrificed. Furthermore, majority of small and medium enterprises believe that HR practices are hindrances to the generation of profits because training and development require budget. ... commitment, adaptability, and consideration of employee.† To emphasize commitment, SME should adapt HR policies to strengthen the loyalty of employees and motivate them to render their maximum potential. Thus, it is inappropriate for SME to think that HR policies will lead to unproductive. â€Å"The management of people is strategic to success† (Harney & Dundon, 2006, p.48). This statement accentuates the role of HRM in aiding companies to achieve their mission statement. The knowledge on HRM is critical in ensuring that right employees are recruited and trained at the right time. Zheng, et al. (2009, p.177) confirm that â€Å"consistent and effective manner† of human resources management through recruiting and maintaining competitive staff who are talented will add to the companies’ competitive advantage and â€Å"sustain superior performance in the longer term.† Therefore, the failure of most companies is rooted to their inability to support HR pra ctices. In UK, the government encourages SMEs to implement HR best practices because of its positive outcome to the organisational performance. Studies have shown that companies employing HRM have attained excellent performance compared to those who are neglecting HR (Bacon & Hoque, 2005, p.1977). According to Pfeffer (1994 cited in Reid, et al., 2002, p.249), successful organisations have common HR practices such as â€Å"employment security, self-managed teams, extensive training, high compensation contingent on organisational performance, recruitment, sharing of information, and reduction of status differences.† The HR practices of organisations motivate employees to be competitive and productive in their job design and role designation. Job design and role specifications are crucial in matching the talents of the

Pizza Pan Business Plan Essay Example for Free

Pizza Pan Business Plan Essay P ? ? ? ? izza Pan is an Australian Company, has developed two new styles of frozen pizza that is lite-cheese, single size whole meal pizza and a jumbo, topping-plus pizza. Pizza Pan is considering undertaking a promotional campaign to market these new varieties in Malaysia. As a marketing manager, we are required to: To outline possible marketing goal for Pizza Pan in promoting these new products. To identify and analyses target markets for these two products. To develop a marketing mix for ONE of these product. To develop an appropriate competitive marketing strategies for Pizza Pan ? In order to outline possible marketing goal for Pizza Pan in promoting these new products. So fast food is one of the worlds largest growing food types. As such Pizza Pan is also one of the well known companies in frozen pizza. This has currently developed two new styles of frozen Pizza. One of the pizzas is a light-cheese, single-size and whole meal pizza whereas another pizza favor is a jumbo, topping-plus pizza. As all of us knew, Malaysia which is a multicultural country which populate by more than 2. 8 million people and they loves experiencing new products and specially food and this country surrounded by hyper-competitors, yet Pizza Pan is considering undertaking a promotional campaign to market these new varieties in Malaysia. Obviously in order to promote these products effectively and efficiently the company needs planning ahead the marketing goals and strategies. Since Malaysia population was 28,728,607 during July 2012. Meanwhile there are 28,728,607 people on Malaysia, out of 29. 6% of Malaysian was 0-14 years old; 65.4% who are in 15-64 years old and there are also over 5% of Malaysian are 65 years old and above. Refer to the index shown; we had decided the goal of Pizza Pan is within one year 80% of Malaysian will get know Pizza Pan. We set the goal at 80%, there are 29. 6% of people are 0 to 14 years old in Malaysia let ignore the baby so we minus out 15 % on the group of age in 0 to 14 year olds so it will be 14. 6% of people who are in 9 to 14 years old. When added up with the group who are in 15 to 64 years old, 65. 4% + 14. 6% there are 80%. Now 80% of Malaysian there are all who can have Pizza or who love Pizza. It’s because baby who just born will not able to enjoy Pizza Pan and People Who over 65 years old will not like fast food or less although when they are young they like to have it. So we decided to minus out this two group therefore Pizza Pan has specific segments to achieve. Then, another goal would be associative in promoting these new Pan Pizza. One of it is to become the market share leader of frozen pizza products amongst its other competitors. Due to that creating customers awareness is also another important goal in promoting these new products. Whereby the company is aiming of rising up to 80% awareness towards these products and beat the rest of the competitors. In simple word, Pizza Pan Company also aims in retaining new customers into long term customers. With this, sales of the new product can be increased due to excellent brand image, attractive advertisement, showing the temptation to eat the product which has been positioned in consumers mind and their willingness to spend the money or experience new products on how creativity of the product can meet their satisfaction comparing to the standards favor of frozen pizza. In brief, we expect customers be aware of these new products in the market. For instance, during the first promotional period of these products, we are targeting the sales of RM2 billion for the frozen pizzas with low price strategy to gain the market share during the growth of life-cycle. In addition achieving true and loyalty customers towards the products is also our objective. In order to be first among equals in a category, the company needs to be more innovative by designing more alternatives selection for consumers. Besides, the company needs to promote the category brand first after only individual brand. Due to promoting frozen pizza it has an advantage like promotional saying â€Å"let frozen pizza refresh you today†, â€Å"Eat fresh anytime frozen pizza†, â€Å"Instant pizza, frozen pizza† â€Å"Ready to eat any time† etc†¦. ? In order to identify and analyses target markets for these two pizza products target markets for Pizza Pan Company are demographic, geographical, psychographic and behavioral. The company is intending to promote the two new products into the selected target markets. This would be metropolitan cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Selangor, Penang etc†¦ From the demographic market point of views, Pizza Pan Company is targeting for the highest expiation of consumers which are between 18 to 48 years of age and the expiation is starting to drop at the starting ages of 49 for the people. Besides, the company is not fixing the gender of consumers of selecting the products. Demographic speaking, the company is targeting for the single and married people who are like main customer for the company. It can be easy for the people who are individuals or even working marriage couples who are likelihood to consume frozen pizza and having busy life style and have to prepare meals for themselves. So it’s time consuming and full satisfaction for busy people. Moreover it will also ease the burdens of parent as even children can prepare their own meals in a very safe way. Not only income and occupation of consumers are included in the demographic market. For example, a person who is holding the high-position in the rapid changing world, can means he/she is high income earner who has to responsible with amount of workloads through working against its time. Hence, they are encountering frozen pizza is fast food and best convenient option for them to work through their days. Besides, the company is targeting for the Englisheducated students who are more likely to follow the western style by consuming frozen pizza as their priority frequent meal whereas Chinese -educated students are preferred in consuming flour products as their elementary needs such as rice. Since Malaysia is multicultural country and comprising of variety race with different religion. Therefore, Pizza Pan Company is taking into consideration of religion respects as their target market. As a result, two new frozen pizzas are promoting but restricting with no pork contents, namely Halal in order to be available for Malaysian consumers. Also, the young generation has becoming the target market to focus on nowadays. Owing to the lack of responsibilities that teenagers have and the lack of home cooked meals whiles home alone, along with current trends of impatience youngsters that everything must be simple and fast, thus frozen pizza is a quick alternative for meal. The geographical target market for the company is Malaysia. The company is targeting for the metropolitan such as Kuala Lumpur which is the capital of Malaysia and Penang as the second high population area. Johor Bahru with high population and the people who works in Singapore, so basically they don’t have time to cook or even eat outside food. However, the company would only develop the two new products to other urban area and rural area when the company’s see some progress or growth in economic situation. Besides that, it is also due to the reason that rural area people spending power is dependable on their own economic growth. This is generated in a traditional way for many decades instead of spending on a new product. Moreover, the new products are available in shopping malls, grocery shops and even schools. Another target markets owing to psychographic is individuals who value their health and diet. They are those who have a fast-paced life and dont seem to have much time on their hands. They are those who find it difficult to fit in something health for lunch as anything that is fast is fast-food. For example, frozen pizza is quick, easy and delicious at the same time can have for lunch. The home oriented is the people who are willingly to stay in the house rather than hanging out for their lunch or dinner. Besides, target market to focus on for Pizza Pan is all social class can enjoy the frozen pizza as it is economical for everyone. With the outgoing and energetic personality individuals are on the list of target market because they might curious to come across of how delicious a new frozen pizza can be. The target markets for behavioral segmentations are benefits, usage status and attitude towards product. Attitude towards product is the emotional response in which positive attitude would affect the usage and loyalty status to a company. If the new frozen pizzas are meeting the customers satisfaction, hence new consumers would insist of consuming the pizza by shifting to the regular consumers. In order to benefits the on diet or health conscious consumers, Pizza Pan is designing the light-cheese, single -size and whole meal pizza with adequate nutritious guaranteed on the package. Moreover, the advantages of new frozen pizzas are only to be cooked in just 5 minutes. It would beneficial busy workers who are working around the clocks to be fast and convenient for their time efficiency yet economical for their livings in the rat race world. ? In order to develop a marketing mix for ONE of the products. The marketing mix is primarily made up of four variables and they are 4p’s which is Product, Place, Price, and Promotion. The marketing mix is often described as a method used in developing a viable marketing strategy, with each ingredient being used different ways and at different times based on the product or service one is trying to market . The type of place channels used by Pizza Pan is the direct channel. The direct channel is successful when there is a very large market that is geographically dispersed. The direct channel is also useful when there are a large number of buyers, but a small amount purchased by each. Pizza Pan uses two different methods of selling its products directly to the market. The first method of place used by Pizza Pan is free delivery as suppliers . The Company would supply their products to wholesalers, retail chains, supermarkets and online but with certain amount of purchase or even small neighborhood grocers for their mass selling. The advantages of using the method are a lower search cost or easy to find for our consumer. Consumers will not have to search the lengths of the earth to find our product. Basically they could find it anywhere. Another method of distribution is for consumers to dine-in especially those who are travelers can go to the highway recreational stands or even conveniences stores like 24 hours Seven-Eleven shop to purchase the fresh from oven frozen pizza. It can mean convenient as quick and take-away products for the travelers eager of reaching the destination. Product Pizza Pan should offer a new product called The Deluxe Plus pizza. The Deluxe Plus is a light-cheese, single-size, whole meal pizza which is the alternative choice for the health-conscious who is on diet with light cheese content pizza along with the current trend that slim is beautiful for female who is likely to consume whole meal foods rather than origin flour foods. This new pizza will have many different competitive advantages. The first competitive advantage of The Deluxe Plus is dietetic food concerned for consumers. The second competitive advantage is the whole meal pizza which is in reasonable price and single-size than any other pizza on the market which is a jumbo pizza. In simple words, it would be a waste for an individual finish the pizza on time. Thus, The Deluxe Plus helps for cost-saving. Another competitive advantage is the Pizza Pan brand name. Pizza Pan has built an international brand name which means quality products. Since Pizza Pan will be introducing The Deluxe Plus customers will automatically think this is a high quality product. The final competitive advantage is that this product will be the special designed pizza to target Malaysian youth. The Deluxe Plus will target young generation or people between the ages of 18 and 48. This market purchases a lot of pizza each year, but very few pizza restaurants actually target them. It will be introduced on Rtm1, 2, 3, 8TV channel. During the introduction stage of the product life cycle, Pizza Pan will try to establish a market for the product and persuade early adopters to buy. The Deluxe Plus is expected to begin and declining the purchase intent after one year on the market. Pricing strategy plays an importance role too because it affects both revenue and buyer behavior. The retail pricing strategy allows Pizza Pan to charge a price that is lower than the competition, in order to promote the frequent sales since the market of the demand of suppliers and consumers are elastic. Customers are price sensitive and the quantity demanded will increase significantly as price decline. Therefore, several sales promotions and coupons will be used to lower the price below those competitors. For example, Pizza Pan is offering free pizza on purchase on two pizzas on special occasions like Chinese New Year, Deepavli or Raya holidays etc†¦ The high or low pricing strategy has several advantages. Firstly, pricing strategy will help to segment the market. Different groups of customers are willing to pay different prices for the same product. Pizza Pan is enabling to sell The Deluxe Plus to the consumers who are first-come-firstserve with economical price. Customers will be able to try something new when they purchase The Deluxe Plus and this exciting experience may bring those customers back to purchase other products. The main theme that will be used to promote The Deluxe Plus is youth. Since Life brand of tomato, chili or BBQ sauce is becoming the non-substitute items for Pizza, therefore it will be included in promotions like KFC. The main promotion will be a coupon to purchase The Deluxe Plus and receive a bottle of sauces which includes many favors. The objectives of this promotion are to introduce a new product, stimulate demand, change the short-term behavior of the customers; This promotion will be distributed mainly by mail, but also by fliers on college campuses or supermarket malls in order to reach the target market. The Deluxe Plus will be published in the newspapers or magazines that are popular with the target market such as STAR, New Straits Times, Woman weekly, Apartments post box and Seventeen. Although advertisements are not cheap, Pizza Pan is an Australian company who is preparing the financial resources to advertise. The young people will then eat The Deluxe Plus with their favor sauces. There will also the teaser banners will be bought to be displayed on bus stops, lampposts or even the Billboard announcements will be placed wherever on the highways for the travelers to notice it. Thu, the advertisements campaign can create awareness of the new product in the target markets. ? In order to develop appropriate competitive marketing strategies for Pizza Pan, Pizza Pan has tough competitors such as Pizza Hutt, Dominos, Barista, Papa Johns, Subway and many others. Hence, there are several competitive marketing strategies that are developed in order to compete with them. Our main intention is to be overall cost leadership, for offer lowest price to the consumer. We are also planning to practice differentiation by offering products with unique customers benefit or features which is not available from the competitive offerings. For instance the The Deluxe Plus which is a health concern product. We want to create a unique selling proposition that gives a real competitive edge Pizza Pans business growth strategy starts with a strong competitive positioning strategy in the marketplace there will discounts offered as a part of a grand opening campaign. Moreover we should watch on over competitor’s strategies too whatever they apply for their product we could plan for it too. Such as Pizza Hutt is offering buy one get one free so pizza pan could work on that too. Then, product leadership is also another strategy as we aim in leading in frozen pizza In Malaysia. Hence, before leading in we have to enter the new global markets; we also intend to create a local partnership with Malaysian businessman. For example, Pan Pizza that originated from Australian company would identify local partners in Malaysia like share holders in food industries so that it will be easier for them to markets the new variety products in Malaysia. This is because local partners know on how to attract their country people and to bring these products to customers as they can receive a good response. Another marketing strategy would be balancing customers and competitor orientations. In specific, we focus on being market centered company. This actually focuses more on customers development in designing strategy. Whereby strategies that can increase products availability and promotion in existing markets. To enter new global markets, the we would make a sponsorship within targeted countries. For example Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain International franchise having their store locations in Malaysia and they achieve their goals and objective of their company like sponsoring shirt for English football club or become a part time sponsor of Galaxy M. Thus, we would also sponsor for Malaysian tennis or squash team during tournament. Finally, a small-scale trial can be a good way of testing a marketing strategy without committing to excessive cost. Whereby, a SWOT analysis would be carried out that includes strength, weakness, opportunities, threats. As for strengths, Pizza Pan is known for personal and flexible customers and service, depth industry experience, creative yet practical product designer, the use of highly flexible and efficient utilizing direct customer’s sales and distribution, varied menu items for broad appeal, high/consistent quality, and strong advertising marketing promotion. Then, weaknesses of lack of an established reputation of frozen Pizza in Malaysia, In conclude, promotion methods used by Pizza Pan tend to create product awareness amongst its new consumer in frozen pizza market. As mentioned earlier segment of the market that we have targeted is a very diverse group whereby promotion of the product has to be done in a very diversify style and unique. It is also believed that The Deluxe Plus will bring Pizza Pan a great success by using effective marketing mix strategy which may even consume high cost in its promotional campaigns but, however we strongly believe that, our potential product will cover the cost and gain maximum profit. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia http://www. pizzapanonline. com/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pizza_Pan http://www. marketingteacher. com/lesson_marketing_mix. htm http://www. markedbyteachers. com/catalogsearch/result/index/? http://in_defense_of_frozen_foods_9907348. html http://www. quickmba. com/marketing/mix/ Uk marketing uni. Kotler keller,(2006),marketing management.