And Then There Were None :: And Then There Were None

And afterward There Were None   I as of late read a secret book by the name of And afterward There Were None by Agatha Christie. I read this book since I have perused different books by Agatha Christie that were genuinely composed.           Ten individuals are welcome to an island, called Indian Island, by letters that were marked by individuals they had met previously. At the point when they got to the island, they discovered that their host, U.N.Owen, had not shown up yet. At supper, they heard a voice, blaming each for them of a homicide, which they were all liable of. After one of them is murdered, agreeing to the main section of a sonnet that is encircled over each of their beds called Ten Little Indians, they make sense of that the killer is one of them! As more individuals are slaughtered off, individually, the gathering limits the presume list down, until just one is left alive however she calculated that she could never get off the islan in any case, and she hung herself from the roof by putting a noose  around her neck and kicking the seat away on which she was standing, yet she was not the executioner.           One of the riddles to this book was, obviously, who murdered the entirety of the honest individuals. Another puzzle was that each time someone else was killed somewhat indian figure would vanish from the edges of a serving plate. One more riddle was that each murder followed, all together, the well known sonnet Ten Little Indians, which peruses:   Ten minimal Indian young men went out to feast; One chocked his self and afterward there were nine. Nine Indian young men sat up late; One slept late himself then there were eight. Eight Indian young men going in Devon; One said he'd remain there then there were seven. Seven Indian young men cleaving up sticks; One cleaved himself in equal parts then there were six. Six Indian young men playing with a hive; A honey bee stung one then there were five. Five Indian young men going in for law; One got in Chancery then there were four. Four Indian young men venturing out onto the ocean; A distraction gulped one then there were three. Three Indian young men strolling in the zoo;

Symbolism in Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown Essay Example

Imagery in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown Paper Imagery assumes a significant job in the message that Nathaniel Hawthorne intends to pass on in his story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Hawthorne utilized emblematic circumstances which speaks to a degenerate and veiled society that is as yet material in right now. In this story, Hawthorne portrays an apparently illusory encounter of Goodman Brown amidst a malevolent custom in the forested areas where he and his significant other endeavored to take an interest in. Brief Summary of Young Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown is an as of late wedded man who heads out to have a great time in the wake of saying farewell to his dear spouse, Faith. He makes a decent attempt to drive away his blame of seeking after a detestable arrangement while he leaves her that night by promising to make it up to her sometime in the not so distant future. As he experiences the dim timberland thinking about whether the fallen angel is simply near, he gets reluctant in encouraging his arrangement on joining some secretive individuals in an underhanded custom some place somewhere down in the woodland. After clarifying why he was late to a modestly dressed man since his better half held him back, they are joined by another explorer whose age he figure to be around fifty. He sees the astounding snake like staff of the main man who tended to him. After gathering the others who might go along with them, he is amazed to discover that the greater part of the upstanding and blessed individuals in his neighborhood are available; the lady who showed him instruction, the pastor, Deacon Gookin, and the most astonishing of allâ€his spouse! He discovers that Faith is the motivation behind why the custom is started. He understands that he had lost his Faith so he settle in seeking after his unique arrangement and be changed over to fiendish like the remainder of them. We will compose a custom exposition test on Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Notwithstanding, as Goodman Brown and Faith approach the raised area to be blessed by the shrewd blood, Goodman Brown requests Faith to admire paradise and oppose the shrewdness. When the words leaves his mouth, he gets himself alone in the forested areas thinking about whether he had simply imagined the custom. He returns to his neighborhood a changed man. He gets incredulous and far fetched of his better half and neighbors even to the day he kicked the bucket. Imageries The story itself is the whole portrayal of a double-dealing society. It is as of now an imagery that further stresses the false reverence of Puritanism. Obviously Hawthorne plans to reprimand puritan culture most particularly the hour of the Salem Witch Trials where just about twenty affirmed witches were hanged with ghostly proof as the main evidence. Like Goodman Brown, Hawthorne is accepted to have likewise questioned the idea of wrongdoing in the general public. Most likely, it is his approach to drive away the blame when he discovered that he is a relative of one of the significant persecutors in the witch preliminaries. The story additionally contains some true to life components where the villain reminds him, â€Å"I helped your granddad, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker lady so intelligently through the lanes of Salem† (Hawthorne 113). The story is by all accounts a full portrayal of the author’s see about a severe puritan culture. Additionally, the setting of the story is likewise very representative as the underlying piece of the story portrays Goodman Brown entering a dim backwoods where the witches assemble at Sabbath. Hawthorne’s portrayal of the dull and miserable woodland demonstrates that a dim basic defining moment in his life is going to occur. â€Å"The haziness isn't just physical, it is satanic† (Crowley 68). The story likewise represents man’s battle to stay away from enticement by the fiend. By the utilization of phantom proof, Hawthorne can brood the possibility that the demon could be prowling in the shadows even of the best men (Reis 200). At the point when Goodman Brown discovers that the most strict individuals in his neighborhood are really individuals from the custom in the backwoods, he understands how malevolence can come in numerous beguiling structures. This acknowledgment drives him to his wretchedness as a result of his powerlessness to recognize if his experience is simply a fantasy or an unpleasant reality. Goodman Brown can be viewed as a genuine decent man before the experience in the forested areas. He is viewed as acceptable to his significant other and he cherishes her beyond a reasonable doubt. He even alludes to her as, â€Å"My love and my Faith† (Hawthorne 111) and falters to go on further with the gathering, â€Å"What a scalawag am I to leave her on such a task! She discusses dreams, as well. Methought as she talked there was inconvenience in her face, as though a fantasy had cautioned her what work is to be done today around evening time. . . † (Hawthorne 111). Notwithstanding, the integrity and naivete inside him is adjusted when he finds decent and apparently sacred individuals are a piece of the insidious custom. This shows Hawthorne’s demeanor towards exceptionally strict individuals, for example, the early Puritans. It implies that not every single strict individuals are blessed, and here and there, they are simply presenting false reverence to make up for themselves. Indeed, even the name of his better half, Faith, represents the things that he had lost upon full acknowledgment of shrewdness in his neighborhood. He loses his significant other, Faith, when he sees her in the forested areas and he likewise loses his otherworldly confidence towards goodness. â€Å"The story isn't about the fiendishness of others yet about Browns question, his recuperation of the chance of widespread evil† (Levin 121). End Young Goodman Brown may most likely simply go as a short standard story that includes heavenly experiences. While the facts demonstrate that is simply anecdotal and not to be paid attention to as a general rule, it comprises of imageries which are essential to consider. It comprises of political and strict imageries which are by implication advised by the writer to permit the perusers to shape their own translation without anyone else. Clearly, the story incorporate increasingly noteworthy and top to bottom issues in life than what is at first passed on to be unreasonable and shallow. Works Cited Crowley, Joseph Donald. Nathaniel Hawthorne. London: Taylor Francis, 1971. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown. † Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales. Ed. Brian Harding. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 111â€123. Levin, David. â€Å"Shadows of Doubt: Specter Evidence in Hawthornes ‘Young Goodman Brown’. † On Hawthorne: The Best from American Literature. Eds. Edwin Harrison Cady and Louis J. Budd. US of America: Duke University Press, 1990. 114-122. Reis, Elizabeth. Doomed Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England. New York: Cornell University Press, 1997.

Time Tracking Matters Integrate MeisterTask and TimeCamp via Zapier! - Focus

Time Tracking Matters Integrate MeisterTask and TimeCamp via Zapier! - Focus Whether you’re about to begin a significant freelance task, or planning the logistics of a house move, being both well organized and able to intelligently manage your time is essential. When it comes to task management, this is where time tracking can help. 5 Reasons To Track Your Time While most people are well aware of the benefits of using a good task management system to stay organized, many have never thought of using a time tracking tool to manage their time. You may think that tracking the time you spend on tasks is just going to mean more work for you, but the insights you stand to gain by using an accurate time-tracking tool are huge. If you’re still unsure, take a look at the following list, where we’ve compiled the top 5 reasons why you should definitely give time-tracking tools a try: 1. Remember: you only have 24 hours in a day You simply do not have that 25th hour in the day to finish your deadline, go to the gym, or spend time with family and friends. Your capacity is limited, so tracking time will help to ensure that you’re not dedicating a disproportionate amount of time to menial tasks, and remain able to schedule in adequate time for your priorities, like your physical and emotional wellbeing, relationships, and career or business direction. 2. Payments are important Especially when it comes to project work, it’s absolutely essential that you’re able to accurately charge, and pay, the client or team involved. When you’re able to switch on a stop-watch to track the time spent on project work, this process becomes far simpler, as you’re able to know how long each employee has worked and subsequently determine the appropriate payment. Similarly, if you work as a freelancer, tracking the time spent on a piece of work enables you to bill your clients accurately, and have the time-record, if necessary, to prove it. 3. Prevent procrastination Even with a deadline looming, many of us have found ourselves drawn towards reading the news or taking a ‘quick look’ at Facebook. Having a stop-watch running will help to prevent this urge, providing an omnipresent reminder of what you really need to be focusing on. When you know how much time you have left you’ll be able to plan how to best utilize that time, blocking out irrelevant distractions and cracking on with the project in hand. 4. Avoid burn out Time tracking will help you to determine how long each task will reasonably take, allowing you to accurately schedule your time in the future. Were your past deadlines reasonable or unrealistically tight? Considering that good emotional wellbeing is a huge determinant for productivity, use a time tracking tool to learn from previously stressful projects. You can then ensure you allocate enough time for your next deadline, enabling you to complete work ahead of schedule and prevent emotional burn out. 5. Know when to hire Are your employees complaining about being overwhelmed by their workload? With time tracking, your team are able to prove this to you. Taking a quick look at the individually generated time reports allows managers and CEOs to recognize when their staff are overworked, preventing important team members from resigning, and providing a justified case for when to hire more support. Getting Started with Time Tracking Time tracking tools are springing up all over the SaaS market, and a quick Google search will provide you with more results than you probably have time to assess. To make things a little easier for you, we’re introducing you to one tool we know from experience works well: TimeCamp. We like our time tracking tools packed with features which are useful when running a business or working as a freelancer. TimeCamp enables users to track their own time, view their overall team performance and pay or bill colleagues or customers accurately with budgeting and invoicing features. Thanks to Zapier, an online tool which allows you to create automated actions between different online apps and services, you can now integrate TimeCamp with MeisterTask with just a few clicks. You can set up Zaps to automatically create time entries in TimeCamp when a new task is created, create TimeCamp projects from MeisterTask projects, and more. Head on over to our Zapbook to see all available actions and triggers for MeisterTask and TimeCamp, or use the zap below, to set up your first Zap right away! PS: Don’t like using multiple tools? No problem, MeisterTask also offers built-in time tracking for all account types. Track Time in MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started Time Tracking Matters Integrate MeisterTask and TimeCamp via Zapier! - Focus Whether you’re about to begin a significant freelance task, or planning the logistics of a house move, being both well organized and able to intelligently manage your time is essential. When it comes to task management, this is where time tracking can help. 5 Reasons To Track Your Time While most people are well aware of the benefits of using a good task management system to stay organized, many have never thought of using a time tracking tool to manage their time. You may think that tracking the time you spend on tasks is just going to mean more work for you, but the insights you stand to gain by using an accurate time-tracking tool are huge. If you’re still unsure, take a look at the following list, where we’ve compiled the top 5 reasons why you should definitely give time-tracking tools a try: 1. Remember: you only have 24 hours in a day You simply do not have that 25th hour in the day to finish your deadline, go to the gym, or spend time with family and friends. Your capacity is limited, so tracking time will help to ensure that you’re not dedicating a disproportionate amount of time to menial tasks, and remain able to schedule in adequate time for your priorities, like your physical and emotional wellbeing, relationships, and career or business direction. 2. Payments are important Especially when it comes to project work, it’s absolutely essential that you’re able to accurately charge, and pay, the client or team involved. When you’re able to switch on a stop-watch to track the time spent on project work, this process becomes far simpler, as you’re able to know how long each employee has worked and subsequently determine the appropriate payment. Similarly, if you work as a freelancer, tracking the time spent on a piece of work enables you to bill your clients accurately, and have the time-record, if necessary, to prove it. 3. Prevent procrastination Even with a deadline looming, many of us have found ourselves drawn towards reading the news or taking a ‘quick look’ at Facebook. Having a stop-watch running will help to prevent this urge, providing an omnipresent reminder of what you really need to be focusing on. When you know how much time you have left you’ll be able to plan how to best utilize that time, blocking out irrelevant distractions and cracking on with the project in hand. 4. Avoid burn out Time tracking will help you to determine how long each task will reasonably take, allowing you to accurately schedule your time in the future. Were your past deadlines reasonable or unrealistically tight? Considering that good emotional wellbeing is a huge determinant for productivity, use a time tracking tool to learn from previously stressful projects. You can then ensure you allocate enough time for your next deadline, enabling you to complete work ahead of schedule and prevent emotional burn out. 5. Know when to hire Are your employees complaining about being overwhelmed by their workload? With time tracking, your team are able to prove this to you. Taking a quick look at the individually generated time reports allows managers and CEOs to recognize when their staff are overworked, preventing important team members from resigning, and providing a justified case for when to hire more support. Getting Started with Time Tracking Time tracking tools are springing up all over the SaaS market, and a quick Google search will provide you with more results than you probably have time to assess. To make things a little easier for you, we’re introducing you to one tool we know from experience works well: TimeCamp. We like our time tracking tools packed with features which are useful when running a business or working as a freelancer. TimeCamp enables users to track their own time, view their overall team performance and pay or bill colleagues or customers accurately with budgeting and invoicing features. Thanks to Zapier, an online tool which allows you to create automated actions between different online apps and services, you can now integrate TimeCamp with MeisterTask with just a few clicks. You can set up Zaps to automatically create time entries in TimeCamp when a new task is created, create TimeCamp projects from MeisterTask projects, and more. Head on over to our Zapbook to see all available actions and triggers for MeisterTask and TimeCamp, or use the zap below, to set up your first Zap right away! PS: Don’t like using multiple tools? No problem, MeisterTask also offers built-in time tracking for all account types. Track Time in MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started

A report on Value Added Tax Essay - 1528 Words

A report on Value Added Tax Introduction Value Added Tax originated in France in 1954 and is under implementation in more than hundred countries. Value Added Tax is perceived by many as means to promote neutrality and uniformity of tax burden and to provide incentives for increased productivity and industrialization. The spread of VAT to the developed and the developing countries alike certainly, makes for an interesting study. Financial Times (London) too stressed the growing importance of VAT when it observed in its centennial review â€Å"The economic and technological changes of the second half of the century have made VAT the quintessential modern tax†. It will not be an exaggeration if one were to say that the emergence of†¦show more content†¦Under the VAT system, no exemptions will be given and a tax will be levied at each stage of manufacture of a product. At each stage of value-addition, credit can be claimed on tax paid on inputs. †¢ It does not distort the business decisions as it does away with cascading. Only market forces rather than tax structure will guide vertical integration decisions once VAT is implemented. †¢ VAT permits easy and effective targeting of tax rates as a result of which the exports can be zero-rated. †¢ The input tax credit method encourages a system that ensures better tax compliance by generating a trail of invoices that supports effective audit and enforcement strategies. †¢ As far as India is concerned, VAT, if enforced properly could help in fiscal consolidation for the country. As a steady source of revenue, it could be used for reducing the debt burden in due course. †¢ Further, any globally accepted tax administrative system like VAT will help India integrate better in the WTO regime. How VAT works? Under the existing system, there is a tax levied at each stage of production which results in a ‘tax on tax’ or the cascading effect. Producers try to overcome this tax by vertically integrating their production process, which affects production decisions. VAT is implemented through a system of tax credits. When the purchaser purchases the goods, he’ll have an invoice whichShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Tax Structure Of The United Arab Emirates945 Words   |  4 PagesCurrently, the United Arab Emirates does not have a federal corporate income tax (CIT) regime; however, most of the Emirates introduced income tax decrees in the late 1960s, and taxation is therefore determined on an Emirate-by-Emirate basis. Under the Emirate-based tax decrees, CIT may be imposed on all companies (including branches and permanent establishments [PEs]) at rates of up to 55%. 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The purposeRead MoreWhat Is The Introduction Of Gst1226 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction India as world’s one the biggest democratic country follows the federal tax system for levy and collection of various taxes. Different types of indirect taxes are levied and collected at different point in the supply chain. The Centre and the states are empowered to levy respective taxes as per the constitution of India. The Value Added Tax (VAT) when introduced was considered. In 2000, the Vajpayee Government started discussion on GST by setting up an empowered committee. The committeeRead MoreEssay Business Analysis: Bargain Basement Books1555 Words   |  7 PagesTokyo, Japan; or Helsinki, Finland. Statement of Purpose The purpose of this report is to analyze and evaluate the pros and cons of expanding in each of the locations chosen by the Expansion Committee. 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Reversing Entry that results in future taxable amounts and, therefore will usually give rise to a future income tax liability. iii. A permanent Difference b) Indicate if the amounts that are involved in the current year will be added to or deducted from accounting income to arrive at taxable income. 1. Financial reporting purposes: straight line depreciation method is used for plant assets that have a useful life of 10 years; for Tax Purposes: CCARead MoreA Career Process : Preparing For Career Success765 Words   |  4 Pagesstart collecting a value added tax at 5% in the beginning of 2018. Which can be a strong tool to help achieving the goals of the social progress and the economic development. Individual Taxation Personal income tax is a direct tax paid from the personal income for an individual or a person. Person could be an individual or an ordinary partnership which is liable to compute his tax liability and filing tax return and paying the tax. 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Definition and Examples of West African Pidgin English

The term West African Pidgin English refers to a continuum of English-based pidgins and creoles spoken along the west coast of Africa, particularly in Nigeria, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Also known as  Guinea Coast Creole English. Used by upwards of 30 million people, West African Pidgin English (WAPE) serves primarily as an interethnic lingua franca. Examples and Observations WAPE is spoken in a geographical continuum from Gambia to Cameroon (including enclaves in French- and Portuguese-speaking countries) and in a vertical continuum with WAE [West African English] at the top. Among the local varieties are Aku in Gambia, Krio in Sierra Leone, Settler English and Pidgin English in Liberia, Pidgin (English) in Ghana and Nigeria, and Pidgin (English) or Kamtok in Cameroon. It originates in 16th-century contacts between West Africans and English sailors and traders, and is therefore as old as so-called Modern English. Some WAPE speakers, especially in cities, do not speak any traditional African language: it is their sole means of expression.Because many of its features are close to those of Creole in the Americas, some researchers have proposed a family of Atlantic creoles that includes Pidgin in West Africa, Gullah in the U.S., and the various patois of the Caribbean. However, like them, and despite its usefulness, vigor, and wide distribution, Pidgin tends to be regarded as debased English.  (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002) WAPE and Gullah The city that had become the center of the slave trade [in the 18th century] was Charleston, South Carolina. Many slaves first arrived here and then they were transported inland to the plantations. However, some of the slaves stayed in the Charleston area, on what is called the Sea Islands. The Creole language of the large black population in the region is called Gullah, spoken by about a quarter of a million people. It is a language that is probably most similar of all varieties of Black American English to the original creole English that was used in the New World and the West African Pidgin English of the earliest slaves. These slaves, who spoke different African languages . . ., invented a form of English, West African Pidgin English, which incorporated many features from West African languages. Gullah could survive because it was relatively self-contained and isolated from the rest of the world.  (Zoltà ¡n Kà ¶vecses, American English: An Introduction. Broadview, 2000) WAPE in Chinua Achebes Man of the People â€Å"Me? Put poison for master? Nevertheless!† said the cook, side-stepping to avoid a heavy blow from the Minister. . . . Why I go kill my master? . . . Abi my head no correct? And even if to say I de craze why I no go go jump for inside lagoon instead to kill my master? (a servant, in [Chinua] Achebes A Man of the People, p. 39) West African Pidgin English (PE) as exemplified in the [passage] quoted is spoken primarily along the West African coast between Sierra Leone and Cameroon. . . . The type of Pidgin found in literary works by Achebe, [Cyprian] Ekwensi, [Wole] Soyinka, and some other African writers is not the same as that often referred to as trade jargon, makeshift language, or a language devoid of morphological characteristics. PE plays a very important role in West Africa--especially in areas where there is no other common language.  (Tony Obilade, The Stylistic Function of Pidgin English in African Literature: Achebe and Soyinka. Research on Wole Soyinka, ed. by James Gibbs and Bernth Lindfors. Africa World Press, 1993) Characteristics of Tense and Aspect in WAPE Tense and aspect [in West African Pidgin English] are noninflectional: bin denotes simple past or past perfect (Meri bin lef Mary left, Mary had left), de/di the progressive (Meri de it Mary is eating, Mary was eating), and don the perfective (Meri don it Mary has eaten, Mary had eaten). Depending on context, Meri it means Mary ate or Mary has eaten and Meri laik Ed means Mary likes Ed or Mary liked Ed.  (Tom McArthur, Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 2005) Prepositions in WAPE Like many other pidgins, WAPE has few prepositions. The preposition for is an all-purpose locative preposition, translatable as in, at, on, to etc.  (Mark Sebba, Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles. Palgrave Macmillan, 1997)

Migration flows are increasingly differentiated. Free Essays

Introduction This paper will demonstrate the effects different migration flows have upon the regulation and management of global migrations. This will be done by reviewing asylum flows and considering whether effective controls are in place for dealing with this type of migrant. Consideration will also be made as to how this complicates our analysis of global migrations and their regulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Migration flows are increasingly differentiated. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Migration Flows States have the authority to regulate the movement of foreign nationals across their borders and consequently have the power to decide what persons can be admitted and for what length of time. Nevertheless, in order to regulate migration flows effectively, greater concern needs to be placed upon the dynamics that drive, facilitate and inhabit migration (Compas, 2013, p. 1). It is arguable whether this is easily attainable given that â€Å"international migration is incredibly diverse, fluid and fast changing† (Boswell and Geddes, 2010, p. 3). Various laws and regulations have been enacted, which are primarily intended to govern entry into and exit from the territories of states, yet some are more restrictive than others (Guild and Minderhoud, 2011, p. 166). The fact that states have the ability to refuse entry to persons from different jurisdictions is said to allow states to maintain their sovereignty. This was recognised by Adelman (1998, p. 19) when it was pointed out that: â€Å"even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self interests.† Yet, it is important that those fleeing from persecution are provided with adequate protection from the State in which they enter. Therefore, although states generally have the ability to control migration flows, they may also have to adhere to their international obligations (Human Rights Education Association, 2011, p. 2). This often produces problems since it is not always easy to establish whether a person has fled from persecution or left voluntarily. These uncertainties produce much difficulty and although states must protect the human rights of migrants (The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), it is evident that the protection of migrants is currently inadequate (Amnesty International, 2009, p. 1). Asylum Flows Migrants are not receiving the support they need from states and national laws and procedures currently act as a barrier to the rights of migrants. This is largely due to the different migration flows that exist and the inability to address mixed migration flows effectively (Betts and Loescher, 2010, p. 320). The treatment of those claiming asylum in the UK provides a clear example of the difficulties that arise when it comes to analysing and regulating global migration. Thus, refugees often use the same routes and means of transportation when entering states as other migrants and because of this, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them (Gibney, 2004, p. 12). As a result, â€Å"refugee was a term increasingly associated with dishonesty in the notion of ‘bogus’ asylum seekers† (Ryan and Webster, 2008, p. 3). This has an overall impact upon the proper regulation of migration, which is evident in the UK where asylum seekers are required to attain citize nship. Hence, a British Territories Overseas Citizenship or British Overseas Citizenship must be established, yet as contended by Bussutil (1990, p. 286): â€Å"claims cannot be decided with any ease, and great difficulties may be experienced.† This occurs in relation to the ‘qualifying period’ of five years and the additional ‘probationary citizenship’ period that is required prior to qualification for naturalisation. Although this accurately reflects the contemporary relationship between those people subjected to legal regulation and the state, it is questionable whether this relationship is appropriate in modern day society where states are callable of realising their international obligations. Global Migration and Regulation It is extremely difficult to ensure the proper regulation of global migration, yet â€Å"the Government started to respond to the increase in asylum applications in the 1980’s† (Sales, 2007, p. 1953). Nation States have since made great attempts to regulation immigration to their countries through â€Å"imposition of employer sanctions, phasing in and out of temporary foreign worker admission policies, legislations, measures against human trafficking, and measures concerning refugees and asylum seekers† (Castles and Miller, 2009, p. 205). The Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2009 seeks to ensure that the UK is fully implementing its international obligations, but given that the five year requirement can be waived by the Secretary of State is required, it is evident that each case can be decided on its own facts. Regardless, constraints and limits are still being placed upon liberal government in relation to those claiming asylum in the UK and as noted by A delman (1998, p. 19): â€Å"even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self interests.† He also added that: â€Å"a liberal state does not, however, have absolute sovereign authority, not only with respect to its own members, particularly in areas such as providing aid to refugees, but also with respect to stateless individuals or individuals who come from states which have failed to provide protection.† Arguably, it is evident that although the UK is capable of regulating domestic obligations in respect of asylum seekers, international order must still be preserved. It is questionable whether such international obligations are currently being preserved given that asylum seekers are restricted by domestic legislation. It is argued by Ellermann (2009, p. 2) that: â€Å"illegal immigrants often succeeded in preventing the state from exercising its sovere ign powers† since those who have no claims against the state are most likely to be able to frustrate state control. Arguably, state sovereignty is often undermined by international obligations as states are required to allow immigrants to cross their borders if it is considered to be in their interests. Balance? The new Points Based System (PBS) in the UK was introduced in order to regulate and control the existing mixed migration flows. Previously, citizens could apply for Indefinite Leave to Remain in the UK after spending five years living there, yet it is now a requirement under the Act that five years residence will only lead to â€Å"probationary citizenship† which would be capable of leading to full citizenship once a number of â€Å"points† have been earned. This new system is beneficial for the economy as it prevents migrants from becoming dependent on the State and enables a distinction to be made between the different types of migrants. As Woolas (2010, p. 1) believes: â€Å"Migration only works if it brings benefits and these measures will ensure that only those migrants that make a positive impact on their local community will be able to stay in the UK.† The Act will consequently prevent those migrants who are not beneficial to the UK’s economy from a cquiring citizenship since â€Å"unlimited migration places unacceptable pressure on public services, school places, and the provision of housing, causing problems for certain local communities† (Home Office: 2010). Too much restriction should not be placed upon the flow of migrants, however since â€Å"migrant workers in recent years have provided a significant boost to UK economic growth† (Balakrishnan, 2006, p. 2). Essentially, it is thereby important that a balance is struck between giving migrant workers the ability to acquire citizenship and preventing those that seek to rely on the State from being admitted unless they are genuinely fleeing from persecution. In Omojudi v United Kingdom Application No. 1820/08, 24 November, 2009 it was held by the court that a violation of the rights of immigrants under international law can only be justified if the aims being pursued are proportionate in view of the breach that has occurred. A justification will, as put by Stone (2010; p. 352); â€Å"require that the differential treatment has a legitimate aim and that there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim pursued.† Therefore, unless a State has a legitimate aim for refusing migrants citizenship, then this will not be justified. This certainly allows greater fairness to be ensued. In Cabales and Balkandali v United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 471 it was held that a refusal would need â€Å"very weighty reasons† before a violation of any rights under the European Convention of Human Rights 1951 could be justified. Difficulties still exist in relation to border control, nonetheless, and it see ms as though greater emphasis needs to be placed upon â€Å"exit checks and proper border controls† (Huhne: 2010, p. 2). The UK is the most vulnerable State that attracts migrants and because of this, it is even more important that the flow of mixed migrants is being controlled and managed effectively. It was stated by Shah (2002, p. 315) that: â€Å"the complexity of immigration control has therefore to keep pace with a highly mobile world where global communications at all levels and in all forms are easily exploited by criminal gangs and desperate individuals.† Conclusion Overall, it is often very difficult for states to properly regulate and manage migration flows because of the fact that they are increasingly differentiated. This is widely due to the problems that are caused by trying to distinguish between the different types of migrants. In addition, even when a distinction can be made, domestic legislation often conflicts with international obligations. As such, states are required to preserve international order in cases of confliction which often prevents them from implementing proper regulatory practices. In order to manage migration flows effectively, it is necessary for all states to co-operate and establish a common approach to migration management. This will ensure that that the rights of migrants are being protected, whilst also preserving national security. Hence, because of the problems that are caused by the lack of certainty surrounding refugee’s and asylum seekers, it is necessary for clearer guidance to be provided, which wil l enable a distinction to be made between the different types of migrants. This is necessary in certifying on the one hand that the rights of migrants are protected, and on the other than an overflow of migrants does not occur. References Adelman, H. (1998) Refuge or Asylum A Philosophical Perspective, Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 1, Number 1. Amnesty International., (2009) World Refugee Day: Lives in Danger as Governments Deny Refugees Protection in Europe, http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/world-refugee-day-lives-danger-governments-deny-refugees-protection-euro [Accessed 14 October 2013]. Balakrishnan, A., (2006). Immigrants Help the Economy Grow by 3%. The Guardian, [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Betts, A., and Loescher., (2011) Refugees in International Relations, Oxford University Press. Boswell, C., and Geddes, A., (2010) Migration and Mobility in the European Union, Palgrave Macmillan, 1st Edition. Busuttil, A. (1990) Immigration Problems and DNA Profiling, Journal of the Law Society of Scotland, (1990) 35 JLSS 286. Castles, S., and Miller, M. J., (2009) The Age of Migration, Fourth Edition: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Compas., (2013) Flows and Dynamics, [Accessed 23 November, 2013]. Ellermann, A. (2009) Undocumented Migrants and Resistance in the State of Exception, University of British Columbia, Available [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Gibney, M. J., (2004) The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees, Cambridge University Press. Guild, E., and P., Minderhoud, (2011) The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, Martinus Nijhoff. Huhne, C., (2009). Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. Scottish Human Rights Law Group, [Accessed 15 October 2013]. Human Rights Education Association, Refugees and Displaced Persons, (1996-2011), [Accessed 15 October 2013]. Ryan, L., and Webster, W., (2008) Gendering Migration: Masculinity, Femininity and Ethnicity in Post-War Britain, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Sales, R., (2007) Understanding Immigration and Refugee Policy: Contradictions and Continuities, Policy Press, Political Science. Stone, R., (2010) Textbook on Civil Liberties, 8th edition, OUP Oxford. Woolas, P., (2010). Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. The Guardian, [Accessed 13 October 2013]. How to cite Migration flows are increasingly differentiated., Essay examples Migration flows are increasingly differentiated. Free Essays Introduction This paper will demonstrate the effects different migration flows have upon the regulation and management of global migrations. This will be done by reviewing asylum flows and considering whether effective controls are in place for dealing with this type of migrant. Consideration will also be made as to how this complicates our analysis of global migrations and their regulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Migration flows are increasingly differentiated. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Migration Flows States have the authority to regulate the movement of foreign nationals across their borders and consequently have the power to decide what persons can be admitted and for what length of time. Nevertheless, in order to regulate migration flows effectively, greater concern needs to be placed upon the dynamics that drive, facilitate and inhabit migration (Compas, 2013, p. 1). It is arguable whether this is easily attainable given that â€Å"international migration is incredibly diverse, fluid and fast changing† (Boswell and Geddes, 2010, p. 3). Various laws and regulations have been enacted, which are primarily intended to govern entry into and exit from the territories of states, yet some are more restrictive than others (Guild and Minderhoud, 2011, p. 166). The fact that states have the ability to refuse entry to persons from different jurisdictions is said to allow states to maintain their sovereignty. This was recognised by Adelman (1998, p. 19) when it was pointed out that: â€Å"even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self interests.† Yet, it is important that those fleeing from persecution are provided with adequate protection from the State in which they enter. Therefore, although states generally have the ability to control migration flows, they may also have to adhere to their international obligations (Human Rights Education Association, 2011, p. 2). This often produces problems since it is not always easy to establish whether a person has fled from persecution or left voluntarily. These uncertainties produce much difficulty and although states must protect the human rights of migrants (The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), it is evident that the protection of migrants is currently inadequate (Amnesty International, 2009, p. 1). Asylum Flows Migrants are not receiving the support they need from states and national laws and procedures currently act as a barrier to the rights of migrants. This is largely due to the different migration flows that exist and the inability to address mixed migration flows effectively (Betts and Loescher, 2010, p. 320). The treatment of those claiming asylum in the UK provides a clear example of the difficulties that arise when it comes to analysing and regulating global migration. Thus, refugees often use the same routes and means of transportation when entering states as other migrants and because of this, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them (Gibney, 2004, p. 12). As a result, â€Å"refugee was a term increasingly associated with dishonesty in the notion of ‘bogus’ asylum seekers† (Ryan and Webster, 2008, p. 3). This has an overall impact upon the proper regulation of migration, which is evident in the UK where asylum seekers are required to attain citize nship. Hence, a British Territories Overseas Citizenship or British Overseas Citizenship must be established, yet as contended by Bussutil (1990, p. 286): â€Å"claims cannot be decided with any ease, and great difficulties may be experienced.† This occurs in relation to the ‘qualifying period’ of five years and the additional ‘probationary citizenship’ period that is required prior to qualification for naturalisation. Although this accurately reflects the contemporary relationship between those people subjected to legal regulation and the state, it is questionable whether this relationship is appropriate in modern day society where states are callable of realising their international obligations. Global Migration and Regulation It is extremely difficult to ensure the proper regulation of global migration, yet â€Å"the Government started to respond to the increase in asylum applications in the 1980’s† (Sales, 2007, p. 1953). Nation States have since made great attempts to regulation immigration to their countries through â€Å"imposition of employer sanctions, phasing in and out of temporary foreign worker admission policies, legislations, measures against human trafficking, and measures concerning refugees and asylum seekers† (Castles and Miller, 2009, p. 205). The Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2009 seeks to ensure that the UK is fully implementing its international obligations, but given that the five year requirement can be waived by the Secretary of State is required, it is evident that each case can be decided on its own facts. Regardless, constraints and limits are still being placed upon liberal government in relation to those claiming asylum in the UK and as noted by A delman (1998, p. 19): â€Å"even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self interests.† He also added that: â€Å"a liberal state does not, however, have absolute sovereign authority, not only with respect to its own members, particularly in areas such as providing aid to refugees, but also with respect to stateless individuals or individuals who come from states which have failed to provide protection.† Arguably, it is evident that although the UK is capable of regulating domestic obligations in respect of asylum seekers, international order must still be preserved. It is questionable whether such international obligations are currently being preserved given that asylum seekers are restricted by domestic legislation. It is argued by Ellermann (2009, p. 2) that: â€Å"illegal immigrants often succeeded in preventing the state from exercising its sovere ign powers† since those who have no claims against the state are most likely to be able to frustrate state control. Arguably, state sovereignty is often undermined by international obligations as states are required to allow immigrants to cross their borders if it is considered to be in their interests. Balance? The new Points Based System (PBS) in the UK was introduced in order to regulate and control the existing mixed migration flows. Previously, citizens could apply for Indefinite Leave to Remain in the UK after spending five years living there, yet it is now a requirement under the Act that five years residence will only lead to â€Å"probationary citizenship† which would be capable of leading to full citizenship once a number of â€Å"points† have been earned. This new system is beneficial for the economy as it prevents migrants from becoming dependent on the State and enables a distinction to be made between the different types of migrants. As Woolas (2010, p. 1) believes: â€Å"Migration only works if it brings benefits and these measures will ensure that only those migrants that make a positive impact on their local community will be able to stay in the UK.† The Act will consequently prevent those migrants who are not beneficial to the UK’s economy from a cquiring citizenship since â€Å"unlimited migration places unacceptable pressure on public services, school places, and the provision of housing, causing problems for certain local communities† (Home Office: 2010). Too much restriction should not be placed upon the flow of migrants, however since â€Å"migrant workers in recent years have provided a significant boost to UK economic growth† (Balakrishnan, 2006, p. 2). Essentially, it is thereby important that a balance is struck between giving migrant workers the ability to acquire citizenship and preventing those that seek to rely on the State from being admitted unless they are genuinely fleeing from persecution. In Omojudi v United Kingdom Application No. 1820/08, 24 November, 2009 it was held by the court that a violation of the rights of immigrants under international law can only be justified if the aims being pursued are proportionate in view of the breach that has occurred. A justification will, as put by Stone (2010; p. 352); â€Å"require that the differential treatment has a legitimate aim and that there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim pursued.† Therefore, unless a State has a legitimate aim for refusing migrants citizenship, then this will not be justified. This certainly allows greater fairness to be ensued. In Cabales and Balkandali v United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 471 it was held that a refusal would need â€Å"very weighty reasons† before a violation of any rights under the European Convention of Human Rights 1951 could be justified. Difficulties still exist in relation to border control, nonetheless, and it see ms as though greater emphasis needs to be placed upon â€Å"exit checks and proper border controls† (Huhne: 2010, p. 2). The UK is the most vulnerable State that attracts migrants and because of this, it is even more important that the flow of mixed migrants is being controlled and managed effectively. It was stated by Shah (2002, p. 315) that: â€Å"the complexity of immigration control has therefore to keep pace with a highly mobile world where global communications at all levels and in all forms are easily exploited by criminal gangs and desperate individuals.† Conclusion Overall, it is often very difficult for states to properly regulate and manage migration flows because of the fact that they are increasingly differentiated. This is widely due to the problems that are caused by trying to distinguish between the different types of migrants. In addition, even when a distinction can be made, domestic legislation often conflicts with international obligations. As such, states are required to preserve international order in cases of confliction which often prevents them from implementing proper regulatory practices. In order to manage migration flows effectively, it is necessary for all states to co-operate and establish a common approach to migration management. This will ensure that that the rights of migrants are being protected, whilst also preserving national security. Hence, because of the problems that are caused by the lack of certainty surrounding refugee’s and asylum seekers, it is necessary for clearer guidance to be provided, which wil l enable a distinction to be made between the different types of migrants. This is necessary in certifying on the one hand that the rights of migrants are protected, and on the other than an overflow of migrants does not occur. References Adelman, H. (1998) Refuge or Asylum A Philosophical Perspective, Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 1, Number 1. Amnesty International., (2009) World Refugee Day: Lives in Danger as Governments Deny Refugees Protection in Europe, http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/world-refugee-day-lives-danger-governments-deny-refugees-protection-euro [Accessed 14 October 2013]. Balakrishnan, A., (2006). Immigrants Help the Economy Grow by 3%. The Guardian, [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Betts, A., and Loescher., (2011) Refugees in International Relations, Oxford University Press. Boswell, C., and Geddes, A., (2010) Migration and Mobility in the European Union, Palgrave Macmillan, 1st Edition. Busuttil, A. (1990) Immigration Problems and DNA Profiling, Journal of the Law Society of Scotland, (1990) 35 JLSS 286. Castles, S., and Miller, M. J., (2009) The Age of Migration, Fourth Edition: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Compas., (2013) Flows and Dynamics, [Accessed 23 November, 2013]. Ellermann, A. (2009) Undocumented Migrants and Resistance in the State of Exception, University of British Columbia, Available [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Gibney, M. J., (2004) The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees, Cambridge University Press. Guild, E., and P., Minderhoud, (2011) The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, Martinus Nijhoff. Huhne, C., (2009). Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. Scottish Human Rights Law Group, [Accessed 15 October 2013]. Human Rights Education Association, Refugees and Displaced Persons, (1996-2011), [Accessed 15 October 2013]. Ryan, L., and Webster, W., (2008) Gendering Migration: Masculinity, Femininity and Ethnicity in Post-War Britain, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Sales, R., (2007) Understanding Immigration and Refugee Policy: Contradictions and Continuities, Policy Press, Political Science. Stone, R., (2010) Textbook on Civil Liberties, 8th edition, OUP Oxford. Woolas, P., (2010). Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. The Guardian, [Accessed 13 October 2013]. How to cite Migration flows are increasingly differentiated., Essay examples

Ethical delimms Essay Example

Ethical delimms Essay What is Ethical Dilemmas in the workplace? A dilemma usually arises when there is conflict between staff, and their Individual opinion. An Ethical dilemma may occur within two or more people, almost all workplace has ethical dilemmas reason Is staff may all come from different socio-economic backgrounds, cultures, and beliefs. Ethical Dilemmas in the work place are common issues, and can be a daunting issue. It can cause an employee not to like their Job, or cause a bad impression on others. Many of the different dilemmas that can be faced are favoritism, sexual harassment, termination of an employee without notice, unnecessary delay in pay, working for more than one organization, not doing your Job, and taking excessive leave, the list can go on and on. It can also cause a person to have unwanted stress. As a counselor ones job title is working as a trainer on the floor assisting developmental adults with piece work, counseling individuals when needed, and complying with state guidelines, ensuring that all yearly documents are received, and filed, Individualized service plans are done twice a year, and ensuring the health and fatty of all Individuals. Each case load consist of 10-20 individuals. This work usually comes with a dead line, sometimes It also comes with all staff assisting with the fashion. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical delimms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical delimms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical delimms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Employee X was hired as a counselor on his first day on the Job his Job duties was again told, along with his training. However he refused to work as everyone else. Many of times he has been caught locked away in the office refusing to help or assist with the other individuals. Counselor Z has spoken to counselor X, however nothing has changed. Eventually counselor Z went to her director, and informed them of the situation. Upon speaking to the director, counselor Z was informed that they would have a staff meeting with the department during the meeting counselor X stated that hes always on the floor. Once again the Job description was given to all employees. The director even established a rotating schedule in case the need arise that additional staff was needed on the floor. This plan indicated office duties, each counselor will have one day where you were allotted to complete all office work and the other office work days was split. Where one counselor was on the floor at all times while the other counselor had office duties. This seemed to work for a while. This seemed to Correcting the Ethical Dilemma of the work place. Counselor X started hiding away in the office, once again refusing to help on the floor. One day we were so short staff and needed as much help as possible, the director pulled staff from other departments to assist us as we had reached the companies dead line, and the order was going to be picked up for shipment by the close of business. Counselor X stated that it was his office day, and he was not leaving his office. Counselor Z went to the director once again, and tresses her concerns, at the end of the day the director called a staff meeting, for an in service on what Job titles were. When asked what was the issues or conflicts that the department had, or if there was any concerns that needed to be rectified no one said anything, not to mention that many of the other employees had the same concerns. I finally said I had something to say I stated exactly what the issue was. The director gave counselor X a chance to defend himself, and of course he never admitted to doing anything wrong. The director stated that a counselors Job is Just as important, as any other position in the facility. The director also stated effective immediately no counselor will be in the office any one day in any given week. All counselors will be allowed one day of choice to do paper work, if for any reason staff is needed on the floor another day will be assigned either that week or the following week to ensure that all work is completed in a timely fashion. It seemed as if this problem was not going to get rectified. I was not sure if the director has ever spoke to counselor X, it was unclear if he even understood his Job. After weeks, of the same behavior going on. I started to think there is some type of favoritism. I could not put my hands on the situation. I finally went to the union. I was not sure if this was the right thing to do, however the company felt strong about stealing company money, which this was because he did no work. As an outsider do you feel that this situation was handled in the correct way? If you were the director can you think of a better way of dealing with this situation? If I was the director 1 verbal, 1 written, and a final would have been all that it should have taken. Eventually the director transferred to a different facility, and counselor X was fired. This situation went on for more than 8 months. This ethical Dilemma not only affected staff but it also affected the individuals that we serviced. Even though a person track. Now that the union was involved the company has implemented the 3 strike rule. In conclusion to the Ethical Dilemmas that are found in many areas of the work place. As all employees come from different walks of life, have different beliefs, and believe what there cultures believe in. Many people will experience Ethical Dilemmas in the work place, however can it be avoided, can companies have enough in place to avoid situations like this or many others from happen again. No one ever wants to deal with certain dilemmas especially where one has to work.

The History of Pi Essay Example

The History of Pi Essay Example The History of Pi Essay The History of Pi Essay Before I talk about the history of Pi I want to explain what Pi is. Websters Collegiate Dictionary defines Pi as 1: the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet 2 a: the symbol pi denoting the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter b: the ratio itself: a transcendental number having a value to eight decimal places of 3. 14159265 A number can be placed into several categories based on its properties. Is it prime or composite? Is it imaginary or real? Is it transcendental or algebraic? These questions help define a numbers behavior in different situations. In order to understand where Pi fits in to the world of mathematics, one must understand several of its properties pi is irrational and pi is transcendental. A rational number is one that can be expressed as the fraction of two integers. Rational numbers converted into decimal notation always repeat themselves somewhere in their digits. For example, 3 is a rational number as it can be written as 3/1 and in decimal notation it is expressed with an infinite amount of zeros to the right of the decimal point. 1/7 is also a rational number. Its decimal notation is 0. 142857142857†¦, a repetition of six digits. However, the square root of 2 cannot be written as the fraction of two integers and is therefore irrational. For many centuries prior to the actual proof, mathematicians had thought that pi was an irrational number. The first attempt at a proof was by Johaan Heinrich Lambert in 1761. Through a complex method he proved that if x is rational, tan(x) must be irrational. It follows that if tan(x) is rational, x must be irrational. Since tan(pi/4)=1, pi/4 must be irrational; therefore, pi must be irrational. Many people saw Lamberts proof as too simplified an answer for such a complex and long-lived problem. In 1794, however, A. M. Legendre found another proof which backed Lambert up. This new proof also went as far as to prove that Pi^2 was also irrational. In the long history of the number Pi, there have been many twists and turns, many inconsistencies that reflect the condition of the human race as a whole. Through each major period of world history and in each regional area, the state of intellectual thought, the state of mathematics, and hence the state of Pi, has been dictated by the same socio-economic and geographic forces as every other aspect of civilization. The following is a brief history, organized by period and region, of the development of our understanding of the number Pi. A transcendental number is one that cannot be expressed as a solution of ax^n+bx^(n-1)+ +cx^0=0 where all coefficients are integers and n is finite. For example, x=sqrt(2), which is irrational, can be expressed as x^2-2=0. This shows that the square root of 2 is nontranscendental, or algebraic. It is very easy to prove that a number is not transcendental, but it is extremely difficult to prove that it is transcendental. This feat was finally accomplished for Pi by Ferdinand von Lindemann in 1882. He based his proof on the works of two other mathematicians: Charles Hermite and Euler. In 1873, Hermite proved that the constant e was transcendental. Combining this with Eulers famous equation e^(i*Pi)+1=0, Lindemann proved that since e^x+1=0, x is required to be transcendental. Since it was accepted that i was algebraic, Pi had to be transcendental in order to make i*Pi transcendental. Now that I have explained what Pi is and several of its properties, lets look at its history. In ancient times, Pi was discovered independently by the first civilizations to begin agriculture. Their new sedentary life style first freed up time for mathematical pondering, and the need for permanent shelter necessitated the development of basic engineering skills, which in many instances required a knowledge of the relationship between the square and the circle (usually satisfied by finding a reasonable approximation of Pi). Although there are no surviving records of individual mathematicians from this period, historians today know the values used by some ancient cultures. Here is a sampling of some cultures and the values that they used: Babylonians 3 1/8, Egyptians (16/9)^2, Chinese 3, Hebrews 3 (implied in the Bible, I Kings vii, 23). The first record of an individual mathematician taking on the problem of Pi (often called squaring the circle, and involving the search for a way to cleanly relate either the area or the circumference of a circle to that of a square) occurred in ancient Greece in the 400s B. C. (this attempt was made by Anaxagoras). Based on this fact, it is not surprising that the Greek culture was the first to truly delve into the possibilities of abstract mathematics. The part of the Greek culture centered in Athens made great leaps in the area of geometry, the first branch of mathematics to be thoroughly explored. Antiphon, an Athenian philosopher, first stated the principle of exhaustion (click on Antiphon for more info). Hippias of Elis created a curve called the quadratrix, which actually allowed the theoretical squaring of the circle, though it was not practical. In the late Greek period (300s-200s B. C. ), after Alexander the Great had spread Greek culture from the western borders of India to the Nile Valley of Egypt, Alexandria, Egypt became the intellectual center of the world. Among the many scholars who worked at the University there, by far the most influential to the history of Pi was Euclid. Through the publishing of Elements, he provided countless future mathematicians with the tools with which to attack the Pi problem. The other great thinker of this time, Archimedes, studied in Alexandria but lived his life on the island of Sicily. It was Archimedes who approximated his value of Pi to about 22/7, which is still a common value today. Archimedes was killed in 212 B. C. in the Roman conquest of Syracuse. In the years after his death, the Roman Empire gradually gained control of the known world. Despite their other achievements, the Romans are not known for their mathematical achievements. The dark period after the fall of Rome was even worse for Pi. Little new was discovered about Pi until well into the decline of the Middle Ages, more than a thousand years after Archimedes death.

Definition and Examples of Irony (Figure of Speech)

Definition and Examples of Irony (Figure of Speech) Irony is the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Similarly, irony may be a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea. Adjective: ironic or ironical. Also known as  eironeia, illusio, and the dry mock. Three kinds of irony are commonly recognized: Verbal irony is a trope in which the intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that the words appear to express.Situational irony involves an incongruity between what is expected or intended and what actually occurs.Dramatic irony is an effect produced by a narrative in which the audience knows more about the present or future circumstances than a character in the story. In light of these different varieties of irony, Jonathan Tittler has concluded that irony has meant and means so many different things to different people that rarely is there a meeting of minds as to its particular sense on a given occasion (quoted by Frank Stringfellow in The Meaning of Irony, 1994). Etymology From the Greek, feigned ignorance Examples and Observations EarthA planet doesnt explode of itself, said drilyThe Martian astronomer, gazing off into the air- That they were able to do it is proof that highlyIntelligent beings must have been living there.(John Hall Wheelock, Earth)Kampenfeldt: This is a grave matter, a very grave matter. It has just been reported to me that youve been expressing sentiments hostile to the Fatherland.Schwab: What, me sir?Kampenfeldt: I warn you, Schwab, such treasonable conduct will lead you to a concentration camp.Schwab: But sir, what did I say?Kampenfeldt: You were distinctly heard to remark, This is a fine country to live in.Schwab: Oh, no, sir. Theres some mistake. No, what I said was, This is a fine country to live in.Kampenfeldt: Huh? You sure?Schwab: Yes sir.Kampenfeldt: I see. Well, in future dont make remarks that can be taken two ways.(Raymond Huntley and Eliot Makeham in Night Train to Munich, 1940)Gentlemen, you cant fight in here! This is the War Room.(Peter Sellers as President Merkin Muffley in Dr. Strangelove, 1964) It is a fitting irony that under Richard Nixon, launder became a dirty word.(William Zinsser)Irony in Mark Twains Novel Puddnhead WilsonDavid Wilson, the title character of Puddnhead Wilson, is a master of irony. In fact, his use of irony permanently marks him. When he first arrives in Dawsons Landing in 1830, he makes an ironic remark that the villagers cannot understand. Distracted by the annoying yelping of an unseen dog, he says, I wished I owned half of that dog. When asked why, he replies, Because I would kill my half. He does not really want to own half the dog, and he probably does not really want to kill it; he merely wants to silence it and knows killing half the dog would kill the whole animal and achieve the desired effect. His remark is a simple example of irony, and the failure of the villagers to understand it causes them immediately to brand Wilson a fool and nickname him puddnhead. The very title of the novel is, therefore, based on irony, and that irony is compounde d by the fact that Wilson is anything but a fool.(R. Kent Rasmussen, Blooms How to Write About Mark Twain. Infobase, 2008) Irony in Shakespeares Play Julius CaesarA classic example of irony is Mark Antonys speech in Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Although Antony declares, I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him, and declares that the assassins are honorable men, he means just the opposite.(Bryan Garner, Garners Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009)Uses and Characteristics of IronyIrony may be used as a rhetorical device to enforce ones meaning. It may be used . . . as a satiric device to attack a point of view or to expose folly, hypocrisy, or vanity. It may be used as a heuristic device to lead ones readers to see that things are not so simple or certain as they seem, or perhaps not so complex or doubtful as they seem. It is probable that most irony is rhetorical, satirical, or heuristic. . . .In the first place irony is a double-layered or two-story phenomenon. . . . In the second place, there is always some kind of opposition that may take the form of contradiction, incongruity, or incom patibility. . . . In the third place, there is in irony an element of innocence.(D.C. Muecke, The Compass of Irony. Methuen, 1969) An Age of IronyIt is sometimes said that we live in an age of irony. Irony in this sense may be found, for example, all throughout The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Suppose you hear a political candidate give a terribly long speech, one that rambles on and on without end. Afterward, you might turn to a friend sitting next to you, roll your eyes, and say, Well, that was short and to the point, wasnt it? You are being ironic. You are counting on your friend to turn the literal meaning of your expression, to read it as exactly the opposite of what your words actually mean. . . .When irony works, it helps to cement social bonds and mutual understanding because the speaker and hearer of irony both know to turn the utterance, and they know that the other one knows they will turn the utterance. . . .Irony is a kind of winking at each other, as we all understand the game of meaning reversal that is being played.(Barry Brummett, Techniques of Close Reading. Sage, 2010)Irony as Mass TherapyIron y has always been a primary tool the under-powered use to tear at the over-powered in our culture. But now irony has become the bait that media corporations use to appeal to educated consumers. . . . Its almost an ultimate irony that those who say they dont like TV will sit and watch TV as long as the hosts of their favorite shows act like they dont like TV, either. Somewhere in this swirl of droll poses and pseudo-insights, irony itself becomes a kind of mass therapy for a politically confused culture. It offers a comfortable space where complicity doesnt feel like complicity. It makes you feel like you are counter-cultural while never requiring you to leave the mainstream culture it has so much fun teasing. We are happy enough with this therapy that we feel no need to enact social change.(Dan French, review of The Daily Show, 2001) Alanis Morissettes IronicAlanis Morissettes Ironic, in which situations purporting to be ironic are merely sad, random, or annoying (a traffic jam when youre late, a no-smoking sign on your cigarette break) perpetuates widespread misuse of the word and outrages irony prescriptivists. It is, of course, ironic that Ironic is an unironic song about irony. Bonus irony: Ironic is widely cited as an example of how Americans dont get irony, despite the fact that Alanis Morissette is Canadian.(Jon Winokur, The Big Book of Irony. St. Martins, 2007)Direct expression, with no tricks, gimmickry, or irony, has come to be interpreted ironically because the default interpretive apparatus says, He cant really mean THAT! When a culture becomes ironic about itself en masse, simple statements of brutal fact, simple judgments of hate or dislike become humorous because they unveil the absurdity, friendliness, and caution of normal public expression. Its funny because its true. Honestly. Were all upside d own now.(R. Jay Magill, Jr., Chic Ironic Bitterness. University of Michigan Press, 2007) Alan Bennett on IronyWere conceived in irony. We float in it from the womb. Its the amniotic fluid. Its the silver sea. Its the waters at their priest-like task, washing away guilt and purpose and responsibility. Joking but not joking. Caring but not caring. Serious but not serious.(Hilary in The Old Country by Alan Bennett, 1977)Thomas Carlyle on IronyAn ironic man, with his sly stillness, and ambuscading ways, more especially an ironic young man, from whom it is least expected, may be viewed as a pest to society.(Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus: The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdrockh, 1833-34)Irony DeficiencyIrony deficiency  is an  informal term for the inability to recognize, comprehend, and/or utilize  ironythat is,  a tendency to interpret  figurative language  in a  literal  way.-  Mobsters are reputedly huge fans of  The Godfather. They don’t see it as a tale of individual moral corruption. They see it as a nostalgia trip to better days for the mob.(Jonah Goldberg, The Irony of Irony.  National Review, April 28, 1999)-  Irony deficiency  is directly proportional to the strength of the political commitment or religious fervor. True believers of all persuasions are irony deficient. . . .Brutal dictators are irony deficienttake Hitler, Stalin, Kim Jong-il, and Saddam Hussein, a world-class vulgarian whose art collection consisted of kitsch paintings displayed unironically.(Jon Winokur,  The Big Book of Irony. Macmillan, 2007)-  Here is something ironic: We live at a time when our diets are richer in irony than ever before in human history, yet millions of us suffer from that silent crippler,  irony deficiency  . . . not so much a deficiency in irony itself, but an inability to utilize the abundance of irony all around us.(Swami Beyondananda,  Duck Soup for the Soul. Hysteria, 1999)-  Will people who detect a lack of irony in other cultures never stop to consider that this may be a sign of their own  irony deficiency? Maybe its defensible when the apes detect a lack of irony in Charlton Heston in  Planet of the Apes, but not when, say, Brits detect it in, say, Americans as a race . . .. The point of irony, after all, is to say things behind peoples backs to their faces. If you look around the poker table and cant tell who the pigeon is, its you.(Roy Blount, Jr., How to Talk Southern.  The New York Times, Nov. 21, 2004) The Lighter Side of IronyRachel Berry: Mr. Schuester, do you have any idea how ridiculous it is to give the lead solo in Sit Down, Youre Rocking the Boat to a boy in a wheelchair?Artie Abrams: I think Mr. Schue is using irony to enhance the performance.Rachel Berry: Theres nothing ironic about show choir!(Pilot episode of Glee, 2009)​Woman: I started riding these trains in the forties. Those days a man would give up his seat for a woman. Now were liberated and we have to stand.Elaine: Its ironic.Woman: Whats ironic?Elaine: This, that weve come all this way, we have made all this progress, but you know weve lost the little things, the niceties.Woman: No, I mean what does ironic mean?Elaine: Oh.​(The Subway, Seinfeld, Jan. 8 1992)Im aware of the irony of appearing on TV in order to decry it.(Sideshow Bob, The Simpsons)Math was my worst subject because I could never persuade the teacher that my answers were meant ironically.(Calvin Trillin)Lyn Cassady: Its okay, you can at tack me.Bob Wilton: Whats with the quotation fingers? Its like saying Im only capable of ironic attacking or something.​(The Men Who Stare at Goats, 2009) Pronunciation: I-ruh-nee

Personal Creative Inquiry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Creative Inquiry - Essay Example This article describes garden as a favorite place to go when an individual wants to relax after a hard day. The earth’s smell is always very natural with some sweet smelling flowers. It provides a wonderfully cool place that enhances good feeling when someone is from a tough day work. Private gardens are always near homes thus boosting and setting mind for relaxation purposes because an individual is not required to either walk or drive long distance to his home after relaxation. Presence of joyfully singing birds, chirping locusts makes garden so peaceful and a natural place to be. It is also worth noting that an individual may experiment with the sense of touching by playing with diverse tangible sensations such as leaves, fruits, and stems thus enabling one to focus on things that are relaxing and renewing. From the gardens, an individual may further surround himself with energizing and invigorating smells by looking for comforting and calming scents such as smelling roses. Relaxing in the garden while the kids are playing around you is a very joyful and fulfilling act that takes someone’s mind away from the tiring job throughout the day. At times, it is very relaxing to dirty our hands by either pruning or just digging worms and picking strawberries for the kids since it makes an individual feel very elemental to the nature and the overall surrounding. Careful working on the garden makes gardeners feel like they are doing what they love most and a way of recovering some of the insubstantial things lost during busy days. My life is very satisfactory and I am doing a lot to help the underprivileged people in the society. I see myself as a president of a large manufacturing company with several employees. I live in a luxurious lifestyle where I can be able to buy anything and travel anywhere. I also have a classy mansionette and sport utility vehicles. My home has a big compound that is covered by very green grass,

Personal Body Image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Body Image - Essay Example The researcher has collected many articles, research papers, and many other publications in the field and used them for a survey. Literature Survey as a method of data collection involves an extensive search for the similar studies across the globe and its careful observation. It includes books, articles, magazines, news paper, any other publications, and indeed internet. The findings observed from the sources are used as such in formulating some meaningful interpretation of the study. Once the researcher finds a useful study, he critically observes it so as to analyze it with reasoning. The study has used many findings put forward by various researchers who have conducted studies of similar nature at various places all over the world. This method requires the reading and comprehending capability as it involves the analytical and reasoning approach to find the varied results of the works. The data collected from earlier studies are arranged logically according to the objectives of th e present study. They are then presented chronologically so as to get a reader a clear picture about the subject matter of the study. The researcher will focus mainly on the findings of the study, which are used to find any deviation from the present study. ... This method requires the reading and comprehending capability as it involves the analytical and reasoning approach to find the varied results of the works. The data collected from earlier studies are arranged logically according to the objectives of the present study. They are then presented chronologically so as to get a reader a clear picture about the subject matter of the study. The researcher will focus mainly on the findings of the study, which are used to find any deviation from the present study. The methods used in the previous studies are manifold and some are overlapping in nature. Important among the previously used methods is the use of measurements that assess the multidimensional nature of body image. Conclusion The study explored the relationship between negative body image and its resultant dissatisfaction among the youth as well as old to effectively find out the factors that make them being suffered from psychopathologies. Body image and body dissatisfaction are important aspects of the self that have been shown to contribute to the development of eating disorders. Body dissatisfaction cannot be limited to youngsters alone; rather it is a common phenomenon felt by any body at any stage of his/her life cycle. Body dissatisfaction is prevalent across the life span that the impact it has on a person's self-esteem may lessen over time. As one grows older, the tolerance is greater in what changes occur in body and the total image. The authors found that men's self-rated attractiveness (e.g., body satisfaction) actually increased as they aged, whereas women's remained the same or decreased. It is interesting that this higher body satisfaction in men is not due to actual differences in physical attractiveness,

Multidisciplinary Care Worker

Multidisciplinary Care Worker M2 In Mrs Cs case a she has to be provided a key worker who would be working with her by ensuring that all her need is met and also involve other multidisciplinary team and inter-agency team within the health and social care setting to take part in conducting a care plan for Mrs C during the her care planning process. The care worker would get other discipline and agency involve in Mrs Cs case because she was bought from the hospital into the care home so therefore they know much about her medical condition and the type of care she require; it also ensure that beneficial approaches are devised in order to meet her specific needs, and also improve her state of well-being. The following groups of multidisciplinary team and inter-agency would be involve in Mrs Cs case; Multidisciplinary team include Radiographic This team are very important member involve in the care planning process Mrs C, this team provide certain level of care for Mrs Cs case because they only provide limited care as they use X-ray to diagnose the type of arthritis together with the signs and symptoms of her condition. After Mrs C has been diagnosed to have Rheumatoid arthritis different member of the multidisciplinary team were working hand in hand with one and other to find the suitable medical service and treatment that would help improve Mrs Cs condition without any complications. Physiotherapist In most cases skeletal disorder like Mrs Cs Arthritis, exercise and physiotherapy is very important in order to prevent her joint from becoming so stiff, ease off pain and keep her muscles active. Furthermore her key worker in the care home where she has been taken into can also organise other form of treatment apart from visit from her physiotherapist could be a session of massage, infra-red heat treatment and hydrotherapy (exercising in water) this cold be on once a month basis. Doctors/GP The GP and the Doctors is important member because they provide medical history for other teams involved in Mrs Cs situation. Furthermore they also carry out countless consultation session with Mrs C in order to control and monitor her blood pressure and prescribe necessary medication and treatment that would be best suit her condition. After the GP has pass the information to the necessary team involve in Mrs Cs case during her time in the hospital the practitioners would use this information to plan how they would meet her specific need and include the necessary agency that help in planning her care needs. Nurses The nurses is also involve in medication process because they are in involve in giving medication and provide medical support that Mrs C require in order to improve her health statues this is done effectively by making sure that they work hand in hand with practitioner involve and making sure that they have effective communication skill and good team work within themselves as it help with the type of care service that thy would be proving for Mrs C. Interagency team Family and friends Come visit her from time to time, this would help reassure her and help keep her confidence as seeing her family and friends around her regularly would her improve in health wise. Interpreters and translators Would help her communicate with the care provider, the translators and the interpreters would help express and rephrase what shes saying in her language since she doesnt understand English. This service would help the care provider know what she needs as an individual and they would know what to do in order to meet and specific need. Activity officer They organise different activities of which Mrs C can get involve in. this could include a day out to the park or take her to day care centre for people who has the same disease has she does. Doing this would help her improve the way she view and value herself within the care home, more so seeing other people with the same condition or worse would help regain her self-esteem and self-image. Social worker The welfare of Mrs C is very important so therefore by ensuring that she gets the sufficient help from other disciplines and agencies. The social worker visit Mrs C from time to time in order to check on her and see how her health is improving and also they would review her condition to see if the care home is staying is suitable for her and if its any beneficial for her staying there or not. Multidisciplinary and inter-agency teams contribute to the care planning process carried out for Mrs C, all these member of team are including in the assessing and implementing the specific medical treatments that would best suit Mrs Cs situation. The multidisciplinary and interagency team come together in order to provide a best form of care for Mrs C they do this by communicating using the holistic approach on whatever step they are going to take concerning Mrs C. The two team identify the specific needs of Mrs C and then compromise and set satisfying goals that they all feels would best meet her needs with high standard and considering her rights, choice, values and belief. D1 Evaluate the role of multi-disciplinary and inter-agency working in social care Multi-disciplinary and inter-agency team provide and contribute optimistically in improving service users health and well being, using the care plan would make it conducive for them to collaborate amongst themselves. Both sets team come together at the start of every care planning process for all individual receiving care within the health and social care setting and the three to six months care assessment intervals and the evaluation process for each service users based on the particular changes made. According to Nolan et al (2005) â€Å" the changes do not have to be major, but they can have a significant impact on the persons life†. However, multi-disciplinary and inter-agency team working help with the improvement of the care planning process, on the other hand it has both positive and negative impact on the way care is provided for people receiving care service. The positive impact multi-disciplinary and inter-agency working together help create interdependence; this means that everyone in the team all depend on one another. Multi-disciplinary and inter-agency working within the health and social care setting is that each member of the team has a key role to play in improving the health well- being of an individual within receiving health care service. Forth most no one role is more important than another as they all work hand in hand with one an other to provide a competence and effective team working by making sure that they provide a high standard of care to the service users at all time. The main important factor of the role of multi-disciplinary and inter-agency working enables everyone involve in providing care to bring and combine their skills and expertise within the multicultural society of which increases the opportunities to learning and new experience, all of which would contribute to an improvement in health and social care experiences, system and structures because they all implement their different skills to create a better way of providing good standard of care for the public. According to Mason et al (2007) there are wide range of medical advancements that have originated aboard and are now being used to improve medication and treatment services in this country†. With so many different medical team working together from different country it has help with the improvement and advancements of care provision for people undertaking care service in the UK, so therefore multi-disciplinary and inter-agency team has really improve with the service provide a nd more so it has crate a better team work and communication skill amongst the health care service provider. The negative impact of the role of multi-disciplinary and inter-agency working in social care is that the whole process of them working together doesnt always work because not every member of the team talk to one and other so therefore there would be some few communication breakdown due to lack of information. Further more, when there are too many teams working together the patient they are working would be affected because different member of the team sees them. For example; for someone who is suffering for a chronic condition having to see different consultant would be really difficult situation for them because they would have to adapt to different doctors each time they have appointment and sometimes the consultant they have to see might not have went through their document to know their medical statues so therefore he or she might ask the patient to tell him or her about the main reason why they are there. This could be as a result of lack of information or because the entire co nsultant are from different department or organisation the information isnt fully pass across to necessary people that are meant to know. Furthermore due to several agency working with the service user the appointment system is bad because the time set isnt conducive for the patient so therefore they find it difficult to cancel or made known that an appointment has been cancelled. Reference: Stretch B (2002) Unit 1, BTEC National Health and Study. Oxford: Heinemann Health and Social Care, Series editor: Beryl Stretch, 2007

Financial Market

International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management Emerald Article: Financial market risk and gold investment in an emerging market: the case of Malaysia Mansor H. Ibrahim Article information: To cite this document: Mansor H. Ibrahim, (2012),†Financial market risk and gold investment in an emerging market: the case of Malaysia†, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 5 Iss: 1 pp. 25 – 34 Permanent link to this document: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17538391211216802 Downloaded on: 26-09-2012References: This document contains references to 13 other documents To copy this document: [email  protected] com This document has been downloaded 335 times since 2012. * Users who downloaded this Article also downloaded: * Mohamed Hisham Yahya, Junaina Muhammad, Abdul Razak Abdul Hadi, (2012),†A comparative study on the level of efficiency between Islamic and conventional banking systems in Malaysia†, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 5 Iss: 1 pp. 48 – 62 http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17538391211216820Muhamad Abduh, Mohd Azmi Omar, (2012),†Islamic banking and economic growth: the Indonesian experience†, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 5 Iss: 1 pp. 35 – 47 http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17538391211216811 Samy Nathan Garas, (2012),†The control of the Shari'a Supervisory Board in the Islamic financial institutions†, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 5 Iss: 1 pp. 8 – 24 http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17538391211216794 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided y ASSUMPTION UNIVERSITY OF THAILAND For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which pub lication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www. emeraldinsight. com/authors for more information. About Emerald www. emeraldinsight. com With over forty years' experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education.In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. *Related content and download information correct at time of download. The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1753-8394. htm Financial market risk and gold investment in an emerging market: the case of MalaysiaMansor H. Ibrahim Mar ket risk and gold investment 25 Department of Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between gold return and stock market return and whether its relation changes in times of consecutive negative market returns for an emerging market, Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies the autoregressive distributed model to link gold returns to stock returns with TGARCH/EGARCH error speci? cation using daily data from August 1, 2001 to March 31, 2010, a total of 2,261 observations.Findings – A signi? cant positive but low correlation is found between gold and once-lagged stock returns. Moreover, consecutive negative market returns do not seem to intensify the co-movement between the gold and stock markets as normally documented among national stock markets in times of ? nancial turbulences. Indeed, there is some evidence that the gold market surges when faced with cons ecutive market declines. Practical implications – Based on these results, there are potential bene? ts of gold investment during periods of stock market slumps. The ? ndings should prove useful for designing ? ancial investment portfolios. Originality/value – The paper evaluates the role of gold from a domestic perspective, which should be more relevant to domestic investors in guarding against recurring heightened stock market risk. Keywords Malaysia, Emerging markets, Gold, Returns, Investments, Stock markets, Gold investment, Market return, Correlations, Market risk Paper type Research paper Introduction Over the past decades, the global ? nancial markets have witnessed a string of ? nancial crises, among them include the Mexican peso crisis in 1994, the Asian ? nancial ? in 1997/1998, the Russian crisis in 1998, the Brazilian crisis in 1999, the Argentine ? nancial crisis in 2001/2002 and most recently the US subprime crisis in 2007 and the Greece ? nancial crisis in 2009. Mentioning of these crises is likely to conjure up in the mind of many the images of excessive risk in stock market investment and to bring back interest in gold as an alternative investment asset. This interest is well-placed as gold used to be a standard of value, is still considered as a store of value and is universally accepted. Moreover, there seems to be a trong belief that gold can provide protection, as a hedge or a safe haven, against this heightened risk in the ? nancial markets. As noted by Baur and McDermott (2010), gold differs from other assets in that it reacts positively to adverse market shocks. As they mention, real gold value reached its historic high roughly in 1980 when the global economy faced the threat of stag? ation due to oil crises in 1970s. Likewise, at the time the US subprime crisis intensi? ed in September 2008, gold has responded with a surge in its value (Baur and McDermott, 2010). International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance andManagement Vol. 5 No. 1, 2012 pp. 25-34 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1753-8394 DOI 10. 1108/17538391211216802 IMEFM 5,1 26 Against a backdrop of recurring ? nancial crises and contagion as well as emerging interest in gold, several studies have attempted empirical investigation of gold hedging property. Notable among these studies are recent works by Capie et al. (2005), Hillier et al. (2006), Baur and Lucey (2010) and Baur and McDermott (2010). Capie et al. (2005) investigate an exchange rate hedge of gold using weekly data of gold price and sterling-dollar and yen-dollar exchange rates from January 1971 to February 2004.They ? nd supportive evidence for exchange rate hedging property of gold, although the strength of hedging tends to vary over time. Hillier et al. (2006) assesses the investment role of precious metals, namely gold, platinum and silver for the US market. They note low correlations between these three metals and stock market returns, which suggests diversi ? cation bene? ts of gold investment. Baur and Lucey (2010) examines whether gold is a safe haven, i. e. maintaining its value in times of market stress or turmoil, for the US, UK and German markets.They document evidence suggesting the ability of gold to hedge against ? nancial risks and to serve as a safe haven in extreme market conditions for these markets. Most recently, Baur and McDermott (2010) extend the work of Baur and Lucey (2010) to a larger number of markets, which include both major developed and emerging markets. They analyze the relations between gold return and returns of world and emerging market indexes, various regional market indexes, and 13 individual market indexes. Their results demonstrate the ability of gold to provide a hedge and a strong safe haven for European and US markets.Thus, for developed markets, gold provides protection against losses during extreme market conditions. As they explain, investors in these markets sell stocks and buy gold when faced with heightened ? nancial risk. By contrast, the emerging markets seem to lack these properties indicating that investors tend to react differently to adverse shocks in emerging markets. Namely, they shift the composition of their portfolios by selling shares of emerging markets and seeking shelter in the developed markets, which are viewed to be relatively safe.In the present paper, we take lead from these studies and examine the investment role of gold for an emerging Asian market, Malaysia. We attempt to contribute to this line of inquiry in several aspects. First, in Baur and McDermott (2010), the investment role of gold for emerging markets is examined by looking at the relation between gold return and emerging market index return and individual market returns of four largest emerging markets, i. e. Brazil, Russia, India and China. We add to their study by looking at a smaller emerging market.Second, while the present study looks at gold investment from an international perspec tive, we look at the issue from a domestic perspective. All aforementioned studies employ gold price in US dollar in their analysis. Instead of using the dollar-denominated gold price and converting it into domestic currency unit as in Baur and Lucey (2010), we use domestic gold price instead. While we acknowledge that the Malaysian gold price may have depended on the global gold price, the use of gold price quoted domestically in ringgit screens out potential confounding effect of exchange rate movement and currency onversion. Finally, we bring out a new empirical perspective in evaluating the investment role of gold. Namely, we examine whether gold maintains its value or its relation with market returns when faced with consecutive negative daily returns. We focus on Malaysia due to deep interest in gold shown by Malaysian policymakers and academics in the face of 1997/1998 Asian ? nancial crisis. Tun Mahathir Mohamad, the then Prime Minister of Malaysia, voiced interest in this un iversally accepted asset and proposed the use of gold particularly in international trade settlement The News Strait Times, 2001). A series of international conferences have been organized on the subject of gold and gold Dinar[1], among them include International Conference on Stable and Just Monetary System and International Conference on the Gold Dinar in Multilateral Trade in 2002, International Conference on Gold in International Trade in 2003 and International Conference on Gold Dinar Economy in 2007. In July 2001, Malaysia became the 12th country in the world to have its own gold bullion coins through the launching of the gold bullion coins known as Kijang Emas by the Royal Mint Malaysia.This is followed by the issuance of Royal Mint gold Dinar in 2003 and Kelantan State gold Dinar in 2006. While the introduction of these gold coins is to serve primarily as a store of value or an alternative ? nancial asset for investment, the gold investment performance for the case of Malays ia has hardly received any empirical attention. The availability of daily domestic gold bullion price since 2001 provides us an opportunity to examine the investment role of gold from a domestic market perspective and, at the same time, widens the literature on emerging markets. The rest of the paper is structured as follows.In the next section, we provides the empirical framework used in the analysis. Then, we describes the data and present estimation results. Finally, we conclude with the main ? ndings and some concluding remarks. Empirical framework We specify our empirical model using an autoregressive distributed lag model along the line of Capie et al. (2005). Thus, we have: RG;t ? a ? rRG;t21 ? b1 RS;t ? b2 RS;t21 ? 1t ?1? where RG is the daily return of gold investment and RS is the corresponding return of stock investment. The lagged dependent is included to allow for autocorrelation structure in gold return.Meanwhile, the incorporation of once-lagged stock return is based on our presumption that, in emerging markets, the transmission of information among markets may take time. That is, the changes in stock return may be impounded into the gold return with lag. The total sensitivity of gold return to stock market ? uctuations is based on the sum of stock market coef? cients, i. e. b1 ? b2. If this sum is signi? cantly positive and is far from unity or the model explanatory is close to zero, we may conclude that gold serves as a diversi? cation asset (Hillier et al. , 2006).Meanwhile, if it is not signi? cant or is signi? cantly negative, then gold investment can provide a hedge against ? nancial market risk (Baur and Lucey, 2010; Baur and McDermott, 2010). We refer to equation (1) as our basic model. Based on equation (1), we ask further whether gold return dynamics remain similar under conditions of consecutive negative market returns. To this end, we adapt the framework used by Nam et al. (2005) in their analysis of stock return asymmetry by modifyi ng equation (1) as: RG;t ? a0 ? a1 Nmt ? rRG;t21 ? ?b10 ? b11 Nmt ? ? RS;t ? ?b20 ? b21 Nmt ? ? RS;t21 ? 1t ?2? here Nmt is a dummy variable representing consecutive negative market returns. Five alternative dummies corresponding to days of consecutive negative returns are considered and they are de? ned as: Market risk and gold investment 27 IMEFM 5,1 N0 ? 28 † N1 ? N4 ? † † 1 if RS;t , 0 0 otherwise 1 if RS;t , 0; RS;t21 , 0 0 otherwise ?3? ?4? . . . 1 if RS;t , 0; 0 otherwise RS;t21 , 0; :::; RS;t24 , 0 ?5? Note that we include Nm as both intercept and interactive dummies. The intercept dummy is intended to capture the level effect of m ? 1 consecutive negative market returns, current return and the returns of last m days, on gold return.Meanwhile, the interactive dummy is to capture the changing relations between stock return and gold return under conditions of consecutive negative market returns, the main interest of the paper. In the paper, we denote these mo dels with alternative de? nition of dummies, respectively, as model N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4. In equation (2), the sum b10 ? b20 captures the relation between the two markets under normal market conditions while b10 ? b20 ? b11 ? b21 measures their relation when the stock market experiences m ? 1 days of consecutive negative returns. Accordingly, the signi? cance of b11 and b21 re? cts the changing relations between gold return and market return in times of market downturns. If they are signi? cantly positive, then the gold return tends to move in closer tandem to stock market movement, weakening gold investment role as a diversi? cation asset. However, if they are signi? cantly negative, then gold investment is said to provide at least a hedge against ? nancial losses during market downturns. Finally, if they are insigni? cantly different from 0, the dynamics of gold return tends to resist the slumps in stock prices and preserves its relation to the stock market regardless of the mark et conditions.We believe that this perspective that we bring provides a nice complementary empirical exercise to the works of Baur and Lucey (2010) and Baur and McDermott (2010) that look at the relations between the two during extreme market conditions. In the implementation of equations (1) and (2), we take note of ample evidence that high-frequency asset returns tend to exhibit leptokurtic property or volatility clustering, the so-called autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) effect. In ? nance literature, various error distributions have been assumed and variance equation speci? cations have been suggested.The error distribution is assumed to be distributed according to either the normal distribution (N), t-distribution (T), or generalized error distribution (G). Among the time-varying variance speci? cations include the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH), threshold ARCH (TARCH), and exponentional GARCH (EGARCH). The latter two allow for asymmetric responses of volatility to positive and negative shocks. To avoid arbitrary model selection, we follow Capie et al. (2005) by basing on the maximum of log likelihood as a selection criterion. We ? nd asymmetric volatility speci? cation (TARCH or EGARCH) to best ? the gold return dynamics and generalized error distribution to best describe the error distribution. The suitability of asymmetric volatility modeling for gold return is in conformity with the behavior of other asset returns (Lobo, 2000; Koutmos and Martin, 2003). Data We employ 2,261 daily observations spanning from August 1, 2001 to March 31, 2010. The beginning date is dictated by data availability of gold bullion price. The selling prices of one troy ounce domestic gold bullion are used to represent domestic gold prices while the Kuala Lumpur composite index is used to represent aggregate prices of stock market investment.The data on the two prices are sourced, respectively, from Malaysia’s central bank, Bank Negara Malaysia, and Data Stream International. We compute gold and stock market returns as the ? rst difference of the natural log of respective series. Table I provides descriptive statistics of the two returns. We also plot these series in level and ? rst-differenced forms in Figure 1. Both gold and stock prices experience an upward trend over the sample period. While the daily average gold return is relatively higher than the daily average stock market return (i. e. 0. 6 percent against 0. 03 percent), it is more volatile than the market return as re? ected their respective standard deviations. This is accounted by the more extreme positive values of gold return (0. 1246) than the stock market return (0. 0426). Meanwhile, the extreme negative value of stock market return (2 0. 9997) is only slightly higher than the corresponding value of gold return (2 0. 0782). From the plots, we also note marked reduction of stock market prices around years of the Argentine ? nanci al crisis in 2001/2002 and of the US subprime crisis in 2007/2008.While the gold return is positively skewed, the market return demonstrates a negative skewness. Both return series are characterized by excess peakness having kurtosis statistics to be substantially higher than 3. This suggests volatility clustering in the return series, which is apparent in the graphical plots. The Jarge-Bera statistics reported at the bottom of Table I soundly rejects the null of normality for both returns. These characteristics in the data seem to justify the use of GARCH-type models for model speci? cation. As a preliminary analysis, we report the cross-correlations between RG,t and RS,t for up to ? e lags. With the standard error in the order of 0. 021 in absolute value, the correlation of roughly 0. 042 and higher suggests signi? cance correlation between the two returns. We note very low and mostly positive correlations between gold return and contemporaneous and lagged stock returns. Among the se correlations, only the DG Mean Median Maximum Minimum SD Skewness Kurtosis Jarque-Bera Probability Observations 0. 000305 8. 72 ? 102 5 0. 042587 2 0. 099785 0. 008518 2 0. 999659 15. 06466 14,082. 94 0. 000000 2,260 29 DS 0. 000561 0. 000000 0. 124645 2 0. 078182 0. 011909 0. 092587 12. 8588 8,656. 123 0. 000000 2,260 Market risk and gold investment Table I. Descriptive statistics IMEFM 5,1 8. 4 0. 15 0. 10 8. 0 0. 05 30 7. 6 0. 00 7. 2 6. 8 –0. 05 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 –0. 10 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 08 09 (b) Gold Return (a) Natural Log of Gold Price 7. 4 0. 08 7. 2 0. 04 7. 0 0. 00 6. 8 –0. 04 6. 6 Figure 1. Graphical plots of gold and stock prices and returns –0. 08 6. 4 6. 2 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 –0. 12 (c) Natural Log of Kuala Lumpur Composite Index 02 03 04 05 06 07 (d) Stock Market Return correlation between gold return and once-lagged stock return is signi? ant. Its correlation is positive, suggesting that the gold market tends to f ollow the stock market with one-day lag. The cross-correlations between gold return and lead stock returns indicate the absence of signi? cation correlations. Accordingly, the gold market does not lead the stock market. This preliminary analysis seems to provide a basis for our one-equation empirical approach with no feedback from gold return to stock return and with the inclusion of once-lagged stock return in the mean equation of gold return. As regards to our main interest, it indicates at best the diversi? ation property of gold investment since its noted positive correlation is far from unity. However, this ? nding is only suggestive and must be subject to a formal analysis, which we turn next (Table II). Estimation results This section conducts a formal analysis of gold return and its relation to stock market return as speci? ed in equations (1) and (2) using GARCH-type models. We experiment with various error distribution assumption and variance speci? cation and choose the o ne that maximizes the log likelihood. The values of log likelihood functions for alternative models are given in Table III.This log likelihood criterion unequivocally suggests the generalized error distribution of error terms. It also suggests either TARCH or EGARCH speci? cation to best describe variance speci? cation. TARCH speci? cation is chosen for basic model, model N0 and model N1 while EGARCH speci? cation for other models. Note that the differences in the log likelihood values between the two speci? cations are marginal. Estimation of the TARCH (1, 1) model for the basic mean equation yields the following results (numbers in parentheses are p-values): RG;t ? ht ? 0:0004 20:0344RG;t21 20:0111RS;t ?0:016? ?0:046? 0:582? 0:0000014 ?0:008? ?0:07721221 t 31 ?0:0502RS;t21 ?0:014? 20:05351221 I t21 t ?0:000? Market risk and gold investment ?0:003? ?0:9413ht21 ?0:000? N ? 2; 259; GED Parameter ? 1:7025 ? 0:000? ; Log Likelihood ? 7; 168:42 where It ? 1 if 1t , 0 and 0 otherwise. Th e use of TARCH model implies that previous shocks have asymmetric effects on volatility. Since the coef? cient of 1221 I t21 is negative, t bad news (1t , 0) tends to dampen market volatility. In other words, once-lagged positive news (1t2 1 . 0) exerts a greater impact on gold return volatility than negative news does, which conforms to the ? ding of Capie et al. (2005). Moreover, gold return volatility tends to be highly persistent as suggested by large coef? cient of lagged volatility. Turning to our main theme, we note the signi? cance of only once-lagged stock return. This conforms to the correlation structure observed in the previous section. However, its coef? cient is small, in the order of 0. 05. Thus, a 10 percentage point k RG,t, RS,t-k RG,t, RS,t? k 0 1 2 3 4 5 0. 0032 0. 0579 2 0. 0224 0. 0127 2 0. 0085 0. 0173 0. 0032 0. 0240 0. 0151 0. 0254 0. 0258 2 0. 0167 GARCH Speci? cation Basic N0 N1 N2 N3 N4GARCH-N GARCH-T GARCH-G TGARCH-N TGARCH-T TGARCH-G EGARCH-N EGARCH-T EG ARCH-G 7,035. 569 7,146. 246 7,163. 378 7,046. 186 7,153. 767 7,168. 421 7,026. 377 7,158. 247 7,168. 083 7,035. 893 7,146. 520 7,165. 204 7,046. 458 7,154. 348 7,170. 701 7,026. 710 7,158. 82 7,170. 554 7,036. 291 7,146. 26 7,163. 645 7,046. 785 7,153. 782 7,168. 730 7,027. 169 7,158. 361 7,168. 641 7,034. 568 7,142. 140 7,159. 647 7,045. 231 7,149. 472 7,164. 399 7,031. 521 7,154. 147 7,164. 628 7,031. 221 7,138. 171 7,156. 706 7,043. 397 7,146. 017 7,162. 170 7,030. 436 7,151. 064 7,163. 104 7,030. 379 ,134. 302 7,152. 533 7,042. 447 7,141. 644 7,157. 886 7,031. 285 7,146. 542 7,159. 008 Table II. Estimated cross-correlations Model Table III. Log likelihood of alternative GARCH speci? cations IMEFM 5,1 32 reduction in stock returns is associated the decrease in stock return by 0. 50 percentage point on average and likewise for the stock market increase. Note that the coef? cient of lagged gold return is negative. This suggests that the gold return tends to exhibit a reversal patt ern and that the long run impact on gold return of stock market variations is even smaller.In order to evaluate the dynamics of gold return during times of consecutive negative market returns, we estimate the chosen GARCH models (Table III) for the consecutive negative returns ranging from one to ? ve days (equation (2)). Results of the estimation are provided in Table IV. Note from the table that there are no changes in the results for the variance equation. Gold return volatility depends mostly on its past volatility and positive shocks tend to propel higher volatility. In the mean equation, we generally observe no level effect of consecutive negative market returns on gold return except for model 3.Similar to the basic model, we note signi? cant positive coef? cient of lagged stock return in all models except one, i. e. model N0. More importantly, there seems to be no changes in the relations between gold and stock returns in times of consecutive negative market returns. The coef ? cients of interactive dummies are all indistinguishable from 0 except one, i. e. the N3 model. In the case of N3 model, the investment role of gold is further enhanced. In responses to four consecutive Estimated coef? cients Mean equation a0 a1 r b10 b11 b20 b21 Variance equation u0 u1 u2 u3 N0 (TARCH) 0. 0000 2 0. 0007 2 0. 315 * 0. 0465 2 0. 0602 0. 0352 0. 0254 N1 (TARCH) 0. 0003 2 0. 0004 2 0. 0320 * 2 0. 0054 0. 0263 0. 0545 * * 2 0. 0114 Model N2 (EGARCH) N3 (EGARCH) N4 (EGARCH) 0. 0004 * * 0. 0001 2 0. 0341 * * 2 0. 0093 0. 0110 0. 0474 * * 0. 0150 0. 0004 * * 2 0. 0025 * * 2 0. 0265 2 0. 0034 2 0. 0979 0. 0549 * 2 0. 2243 * * 0. 0004 * * 2 0. 0008 2 0. 0284 * 2 0. 0036 2 0. 0146 0. 0507 * * 2 0. 2640 0. 000001 * * * 0. 000001 * * * 2 0. 1156 * * * 2 0. 1064 * * * 2 0. 1261 * * * 0. 0809 * * * 0. 0776 * * * 0. 0858 * * * 0. 0830 * * * 0. 0923 * * * 2 0. 0575 * * * 2 0. 0539 * * * 0. 0595 * * * 0. 0603 * * * 0. 0592 * * * . 9402 * * * 0. 9410 * * * 0. 9942 * * * 0. 9950 * * * 0. 9936 * * * Notes: Signi? cant at: *10, * *5 and * * *1 percent, respectively; the estimated models are: Mean equation: RG;t ? a0 ? a1 Nmt ? rRG;t21 ? ?b10 ? b11 Nmt ? ? RS;t ? ?b20 ? b21 Nmt ? ? RS;t21 ? 1t Variance equations: TARCH: Table IV. Estimation results of extended models ht ? u0 ? u1 1221 ? u2 1221 ? I t21 ? u3 ht21 t t GARCH: p log ht ? u0 ? u1 j1t21 = ht21 j ? u2 1t21 =ht21 ? u3 log ht21 negative market returns, current and last three-day returns, the gold market tends to move in the opposite direction of stock market slumps.The coef? cient of interactive dummy-lagged stock return in the N3 model is signi? cantly negative and its magnitude (in absolute term) is substantially higher than the coef? cient of lagged stock return. Thus, there seems to be a movement of the gold market away from downward trend in the stock market. The evidence that we uncover, thus, supports strong resistance of the gold market to stock market downturns. This is in sharp contrast to the we ll-documented ? nding that national stock markets tend to have strong co-movements during times of market decline and turmoil, which limit potential diversi? cation bene? across national stock markets. The heightened reaction of domestic stock markets to downturns in other markets have been documented by Pagan and Soydemir (2001) and Bahng and Shin (2003) for several emerging markets. Moreover, the ? nancial crises are noted to propagate shocks more strongly through the contagion or domino effect (Dornbusch et al. , 2000; Hasman and Samartin, 2008; Markwat et al. , 2009). Thus, a ? ight to other markets for shelter during times of ? nancial crises may not help. In the case of gold investment, its diversi? cation bene? ts are not restrained in times of market downturns.Indeed, there is some evidence that the stock market may surge in value when the stock market posts a negative trend. Conclusion A series of ? nancial crises that erupted in different parts of the world and their accom panying excessive risk have raised serious concern over investment in stock markets and are likely to bring back interest in gold as an alternative investment asset. In light of this, we examine the relation between gold and stock returns and investigate whether it changes during times of consecutive negative market returns for an emerging market, Malaysia.Applying GARCH-type models to daily gold and stock returns over the period August 2001-March 2010, we uncover evidence indicating signi? cant positive relation between gold return and once-lagged stock return. However, the coef? cient of the once-lagged stock return in gold return equation is small and far from unity. We further note that, their relation has not strengthened during times of consecutive days of market declines. To the contrary, we ? nd some evidence that gold return tends to break from its positive relation with stock market return following four consecutive stock market returns. These ? dings are in sharp contrast to the observed strong co-movements among national stock markets in periods of market downturns, which are attributed to contagion or domino effect. Based on these results, we incline to suggest the favorable property of gold as an investment asset for the Malaysian emerging market. At least, gold provides a diversi? cation bene? t to investors in the Malaysian market. The domestic Malaysian gold market tends to have resistance to heightened risk in the stock market as its preserve its low positive relation with stock market variations regardless of the market conditions.At best, with evidence pointing to the negative relation between gold return and stock market return after four consecutive negative market returns, gold tends to possess a hedging property in times of market declines. In short, our results seem to support the initiative by Malaysia in introducing various gold coins, namely Kijang Emas, Royal Mint gold Dinar and Kelantan State gold Dinar, as a vehicle for preservin g wealth in the midst of recurring ? nancial turbulences during the present time. Market risk and gold investment 33 IMEFM 5,1 34 Note 1. 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