The History Of The Community Mobilization Sociology Essay

The History Of The Community Mobilization Sociology Essay The term community has various meaning. We can define community is a place where people living in the particular geographical area and they shares their common values, interests and they follows a particular way of living. The term community may refer to the national community or international community. In biology a community is a group of interacting people sharing a populated environment. Apart from a geographical area a community is a group or society, helping each other. In human communities belief, resources, needs, interest and a number of other conditions may be present in common, which also affects the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness. In every society various types of communities may take place. Some categorizations are as follows:- Geographic communities: It ranges from the local neighborhood, suburb, village, town or city, region, nation or even the planet as a whole. These refer to communities of location. Communities of culture: It ranges from the local clique, sub-culture, ethnic group, religious, multicultural or pluralistic civilization, or the global community cultures of today. They may be included as communities of need or identity, such as disabled persons, or frail aged people. Communities are nested; one community can contain another-for example a geographic community may contain a number of ethnic communities. Identity is also one of the important factor to assess the type of community. For example if a group of people indicates the common identity other than location then it would be a community based on their common interest. Also a professional community can also exist in society where a group of people are with the same or related occupations. There are different things that bind people together to their different communities or that they may have in common with the other people living around them, which includes beliefs and values, language, territory, religion, culture and occupations. Community Mobilization: A strong community feeling is also evident at times of crisis and change for families, such as marriage and death. In a community people shared their we feeling with each other. As we know that proper management and utilization of resources is the best possible way for the development of the community. Therefore community mobilization is always prominent for the development and upliftment of any community. For mobilizing the community people make their plans and then do the things accordingly. They take charge, transforming, developing their community and their lives as well. Community mobilization is a process which allows people in the community to: Identify needs and promote community interests. Promote good leadership and democratic decision making. Identify specific groups for undertaking specific problems. Identify all the available resources in the community and mobilize or generate new resources. Communities can mobilize to work for changes that will fulfill the social, emotional, financial and physical needs of people. Community mobilization is a process to create awareness among people regarding the present situation of the community in order to encourage positive change in the future For community mobilization communication is one of the important tool to achieve it. Through proper and effective communication various methods of mobilizing the community can be implemented. Here we are discussing the various methods for community mobilization by given actors as per the fig 1.1. Mobilizing the community Political Parties Social Movements Individual groups Political Parties The use of social networking sites by political parties and other politically active groups has been increased. These groups have realized that using of social networking potentially increases people mobilization. The Internet has become a fast and low-cost communication tool and enables quick and easy aggregation of political information among potential voters. For instance Mr. Barack Obama successful used Twitter, Flicker, You Tube, Facebook among others to communicate and mobilize people. He also had a $2 million dollar custom campaigning and social networking site built called MyBarackobama.com. As political parties are now actively engaging with social networking sites as part of their strategies to mobilize the maximum people in the community. In the present scenario, the use of social media is really important to mobilize the people and communities for collective action. We know that today millions of people are connected in one way or another to the internet. People are easil y accessible on internet. It is another way of reaching large numbers of people to mobilize them for a group effort. Facebook, Mixit, Twitter can also be effective for the above. To generate awareness among people and to mobilize them in large number to make a community independent. Newspapers, radio stations and the TV have the authority to inform thousands more people about various campaigns for mobilizing any community. By writing a press release, a political party can highlight the facts, peoples demands, and what people want the media to talk about regarding the development and continuous empowerment of their community. Parties can also organize a press conference. So they can invite the reporters to come to a meeting where spokespeople from the community organization speak out publicly about the problem and the solution of the problems of community. All these strategies political parties can apply to mobilize the community and people as well to generate awareness among them and to provide them a platform where people can discuss issues their community problems also mobilize the resources. Apart from above, Political rallies and the use of local languages are instrumental in the mobilization of groups for social action. Social Movements Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on specific political or social issues for their development. In other words, they carry out, resist or undo a social change in the society. Social movement campaigns play a critical role in mobilizing and maintaining the submerged networks of social movement communities. We discuss the importance of such movement campaigns and their effects on movement communities, subsequent collective action, and cultural and political change. Our research contributes to an understanding of the shape of social movement communities and the connections between local and international campaigns. Community mobilization is often used by grassroots-based social movements, which includes revolutionary movements. The process usually takes the form of large public gatherings such as mass meetings, marches, parades, processions and demonstrations. Those gatherings usually are part of a protest action. These are the different ways by which a community can be mobilized and can raise voice for the demand of development of the community. In other words, community mobilization seeks to facilitate change within the community for its development. Modern Western social movements became possible through education (the wider dissemination of literature), and increased mobility of labor due to the industrialization and urbanization of 19th century societies. Social movements have been and continued to be closely connected with democratic political systems. Occasionally, social movements have been involved in democratizing nations, but more often they have developed after democratization. Modern movements often utilize technology and the internet to mobilize people globally. Adapting to communication trends is a common theme among successful movements. Research is beginning to explore how advocacy organizations linked to social movements use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. It is a type of political organisation we need to think about is the social movement. A movement, by its very nature, is not something that can be easily pinned down since, as Glaser (2003) suggests, it represents a loose community of like-minded people who share a broad range of ideas and opinions. This type of definition, therefore, covers a range of behaviours, a good example of which might be something like the environmentalist movement a very broad category of people who, in a variety of ways, are concerned with protecting the physical environment. Della Porta and Diani (1999) refine this general idea by thinking about social movements in terms of Informal networks the movement as a whole is loosely structured. People come together, at various times, on the basis of: Shared beliefs and support for a general set of ideas, usually based around: Conflictual issues, especially, although not necessarily, issues of national and global significance. Part of the reason for social move ments is that issues of concern to movement adherents/members are either not being addressed by political parties or, if they are, the movements adherents are strongly opposed to the policies being proposed/ enacted. This is one reason why such movements often involve: Protest in a range of forms (such as civil disobedience, demonstrations or publicity stunts). In other words, as Schweingruber (2005) puts it, social movements involve: Continuous, large-scale, organized collective action, motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse change in some area of society. Social movements are any broad social alliances of people who are connected through their shared interest in blocking or affecting social change. Although social movements do not have to be formally organized. Social movement is always an important tool to bring the change in society and as well as to mobilize the communities for their own development. By arranging people in mass meetings, parades, marches, discussions on various issues, movements for stressing the education of people, bringing the concept of democratization in light communities can mobilize through theses social movements. Social movements are always a part of society, and people may compare their options and make rational choices about which movements to follow. As long as social movements wish to be success, they must find resources (such as money, people, and plans) for how to meet their goals. Social movements are competing for a piece of finite resources, and the field is growing more crowded all the time.McCarthy and Zald (1977) conceptualize resource mobilization theory as a way to explain movement success in terms of its ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals. For example, PETA, a social movement organization, is in competition with Greenpeace and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), two other social movement organizations. Taken together, alo ng with all other social movement organizations working on animals rights issues, these similar organizations constitute a social movement industry. Multiple social movement industries in a society, though they may have widely different constituencies and goals, constitute a societys social movement sector. Every social movement organization (a single social movement group) within the social movement sector is competing for your attention, your time, and your resources. Individual groups It is always easy to start a fire and involve a number of people. Community members need to choose certain people whose role will be to keep the fire of community mobilization burning. In this guide these people will be called motivators. People in the community know each other very well. Take time to carefully choose honest people who are respected by others, and who can encourage others to work well together. They need to have some time and energy available, have a desire to bring change and be willing to work free of charge. Each community should select two or three motivators. The people chosen will need equipping and support in their role. Each local area has a number of different kinds of resources. People use these resources to keep alive and to cope with changing seasons, political change and cultural pressures. Helping people to understand and to value the different resources they have is very important. These are the main kinds of resources: _ Natural resources include land, trees, forests and water. _ Human resources include the skills, knowledge, understanding and labour of local people. _ Financial resources include money, access to credit and loans, credit unions and government support. _ Social resources include the culture, traditions, organizations, friends and extended family. _ Physical resources include buildings, tools, roads, water pumps and transport. _ Spiritual resources are the strength and encouragement that people gain from their faith. Local people already know more than any outsider about their community and the people living there. Many people assume they know everything about their local area, but there is always more to learn and understand before making new plans. Take plenty of time to help people in the community to tell their story together. One very effective way of doing this is to draw maps, either using clear ground with sticks, leaves and stones, or if available, large sheets of paper and pens. Encourage small groups to draw different maps to show: the natural and physical resources in the area (hills, forests, roads and rivers, for example) -where people live, noting important people and organisations -how the area looked 50 or 20 years ago (only for older people). So for mobilizing communities, individual groups can do the social mapping of the community so that the people can aware about the present problems in the community. Another helpful way to focus on key issues within the local area is to encourage people to prepare a role-play to express their concerns. As people discuss what subjects to use, they will often focus on important issues. However, they are also likely to share these in funny ways. Laughter has a way of taking the pressure out of a situation, helping people to discuss sensitive issues, sometimes for the first time. Again, encouraging people to work in small groups is another way to mobilize the communities. Having chosen their first priority for action, local people need to decide whether they have enough information to take action. For example, if education is identified as the priority, people may need more information about the problems and whether they are at primary or secondary level. The problem may be poor attendance and, if so, there is a need to find out why. Considering electing teams of local people to gather relevant information is another way to mobilize the communities. Choose people who can be trusted and who know their community well. Before sending teams out to gather information, take plenty of time to decide exactly what kind of information is needed. Apart from this, conducting role plays- street plays in the community is always a good strategy to mobilize the maximum number of people and to preparing them for a social action. By Arranging a community meeting to share all the information gathered is showing information clearly to the people. A large number of people can mobilize for the collective action after getting all the facts and problems of the community. Also, motivation plays an important role in this activity. As keep motivating the people in right direction is always worthy and will be fruitful for attaining maximum development of the community. Initial contact with the community is another way to mobilize people. Understanding community practices and traditions prior to establishing contact can help identify the appropriate approach for engaging with different groups and members of the community. It is important to focus on learning from the community, especially during the initial contact.  Taking every opportunity to meet informally with diverse members of the community (at the health post, during registration, at distribution points, in the queue for water). Also utilizing community leaders also increases the chances of reaching a cross-section of the population and not just a narrow representation. It is essential that all members of the community receive word about mobilization and how they can be involved.  Outreaching to those who are isolated, vulnerable or considered. If they cannot personally attend a meeting, it is important that they be represented in some way. So as per the above discussion, motivating peop le, arranging meetings, initial contacting with the communities, utilizing the community leaders, conducting role-plays, street plays, community outreaching are different ways to mobilize the maximum people of community by individual groups. Also, identifying an existing committee or a community-based organization which can give individual groups access to the community and facilitate distribution of  messages. Meeting the host community and the authorities is important to reach out the goals for community development and mobilization.   Messages might only reach certain groups, such as community leaders, and not all members of the community.  Developing outreach strategies with the leaders and others to ensure that everyone is informed, including women, girls and boys, minority groups, and people with mental and physical challenges. Making sure that information is delivered in a language everyone can understand, is culturally sensitive and is correctly perceived and understood.  As always communication should be effective and strong for the mobilization. Arranging meetings at mutually convenient times. As far the mobilization concern, for development of any community individual groups should make positive rappor t building among the community with key people- like facilitator, leaders, service providers etc. and whole community as well. A good rapport building is effective strategy to mobilizing the people.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transparency, respect and consistency are essential for building trust, confidence and collaboration between organizations and partners, including members of the community.  Also individual groups have to make ensure that after the first contact immediate follow-up action is taken or not.   Orienting the Community is another way to mobilize the people. The first step in mobilizing the community is to orient them to the process.  This can be done in a number of ways, including written communication, television, radio, or an organized meeting.  Meetings are more personal and conducive to building relationships.   They also facilitate two-way communication where questions can be answered efficiently. As groups can motivate community people for their maximum participation in every discussion as they should feel that they are the key part of it.   Also to start these meetings as soon as possible, so that trust and a positive working relationship can be built between parties. Having the meeting sponsored or hosted by a respected individual or group within the community can add credibility to its agenda.  This may happen through a church, school, tribe, or other local group.   Utilizing community leaders also increases the chances of reaching a cross-section of the population and not just a narrow representation. It is essential that all members of the community receive word about mobilization and how they can be involved.  Outreach is prominent to those who are isolated, vulnerable or considered marginal is critical. If they cannot personally attend a meeting, it is important that they be represented in some way. Individual groups should take care of these things before conducting any activity as part of the community or within the community. An only arranging meeting is not as sufficient. The goals of the meeting must be carefully considered and reflected in the agenda.  Community leaders can provide assistance presenting the information in a culturally appropriate manner. Some of the community leaders may be chosen to convey topics with which they are familiar.  During this meeting, it is important to invoke the input of the community. Identify their needs and begin to priorities how those needs will be met.   Individual groups sho uld know that this meeting will be an opportunity to develop an awareness of what the contributing organizations can provide, and also an opportunity to learn about the strengths and resources of the community. It will be important to define mutual goals and develop a plan as to how to reach these goals.  This will include organizing individuals to work together and coordinate services.   Proper organization of every resources and management is necessary to mobilize the people. Also individual groups should develop ongoing ways to communicate for mobilizing the people. Once goals have been defined and a plan has been developed, it will be important to identify ongoing ways to communicate.  Rather than having large meetings, cluster meetings of project staff, community leaders and community members working on similar tasks are more manageable and efficient.  The groups should begin team building with all team members (international  and national staff, community leaders and community members). It is vital that marginalized and vulnerable people are included in these teams.  Intervention with the community may be required for them to allow marginalized or isolated members of their community to participate in a team.   Working in small teams that include affected people as well as outside helpers.  Team leaders should meet daily for sharing of information, planning and coordination. Not all teams will be required for all emergency response projects. Some people may be a member of more than one team. Conclusion: It is to be concluded that for continuous community development mass awareness, people mobilization is very important. In our society there are different resources which can perform to mobilize the community. But one should only need to generate these resources within the community or outside the community. Maximum resource utilization and mobilization of people are key things for developing any community. Community development emphasizes participation, initiative and self-help by local communities but should be sponsored by national governments as part of a national plan.

Size Does Matter :: Personal Narrative Shoes Shopping Papers

Size Does Matter â€Å"Back to School Extravaganza!!† â€Å"Store-Wide Clearance Sale: Buy 2 Pairs of Shoes and Get the third pair Half –Off!† Every inch of the walls inside the mall were plastered with a vast array of dazzling lights and colorful propaganda. It seemed as if I was going to suddenly be attacked by fearsome mannequins, who stood idly like a platoon of glaring soldiers, anticipating their command to strike. The congested food court had an aroma of boiling flesh, pungent enough to tickle the deepest hairs of my nostrils. With each step I took, I was met with an explosion of soul shivering sounds from the speakers, and flashy formed fonts that struck me at every glimpse of the banners. I was on a mission, and was forced to disregard all of the feeble advertising attempts that came my way. My objective was to finally acquire the legendary shoe that had eluded me many times before. As I marched on through the halls, I was distracted by an intense glow. Before long, I found myself gradually progressing toward the mystifying light. There it was, basking in its splendid wonder on an unreachable pedestal, a modern day Holy Grail. My thoughts were abruptly interrupted. â€Å"Welcome to Footaction. How may I help you?† I was instantly confronted by the typical, cheerful greeting I received upon entering any shoe establishment. â€Å"Yes I am looking for one shoe in particular,† I responded. â€Å"I need some brand new, fresh white Air Forces, about an eleven and a half to twelve.† â€Å"That is big, you know what they say about guys with big feet?... Yeah, they have big shoes! I’ll go see what we have available, and I’ll be right back,† she mumbled with a wide grin that grazed both corners of her bright red cheeks. Then she was off on the challenging quest at hand. As she disappeared momentarily, I held on to what little hope I had left of attaining those shoes. For so long they had narrowly escaped my eager, extended grasp. I was tired of wandering on journeys from store to store, just to end up in the â€Å"Land of ‘D’s:† Disappointment, Disdain, Distress, and Despair, with many other familiar pessimistic pedestrians along the way. A pale, white cloud began to materialize over my head, as my thoughts ran rampant. I envisioned myself roaming around, floating into space, traveling with my newly attained white gems.

The Republic: Protagoras, Gorgias, and Meno :: Philosophy Morals Neo Aristotelianism Papers

The Republic: Protagoras, Gorgias, and Meno One vigorous line of thought in contemporary moral philosophy, which I shall call ‘Neo-Aristotelianism,’ centers on three things: (1) a rejection of traditional enlightenment moral theories like Kantianism and utilitarianism; (2) a claim that another look at the ethical concerns and projects of ancient Greek thought might help us past the impasse into which enlightenment moral theories have left us; (3) more particularly, an attempt to reinterpret Aristotle’s ethical work for the late twentieth-century so as to transcend this impasse. The "Neo-Aristotelian" Rejection of Plato Neo-Aristotelians like Martha Nussbaum(1) and Alasdair MacIntyre,(2) in spite of their many differences,(3) are therefore united not only in their positive turn to Aristotle but also in their rejection of Plato and Plato’s Socrates.(4) And yet some features of these rejections invite further reflection. Nussbaum, for example, consistently recognizes that the Socratic-Platonic project requires us to remake ourselves: "In short, I claim that [in the Protagoras] Socrates offers us, in the guise of empirical description, a radical proposal for the transformation of our lives." (FG 117, LK 112) But to what extent has she done justice to the particular kind of remaking Plato has Socrates offer us? More pointedly, does she acknowledge the extent to which Socrates aims at focussing his interlocutors on a process of questioning, rather than simply handing doctrine over to them?(5) Or has her Socrates been flattened out, his dialogical style rendered monological, so as to support her ov erall thesis more easily?(6) As for MacIntyre, does he see clearly enough the parallel between his own work and Plato’s when he says that in his earlier dialogues "Plato is pointing to a general state of incoherence in the use of evaluative language in Athenian culture" (AV 131)? Mutatis mutandis, isn’t this precisely what the opening chapters of After Virtue attempt to show? And to what extent must MacIntyre’s "quest for the good" in his crucial chapter "The Virtues, the Unity of a Human Life and the Concept of a Tradition" be committed to a Platonic, rather than Aristotelian, notion of the good? When he says "now it is important to emphasize that it is the systematic asking of these two questions ["What is the good for me?" and "What is the good for man?"] and the attempt to answer them in deed as well as in word which provide the moral life with its unity" (AV 219, emphasis added), isn’t it Plato’s Socrates who serves as the ultimate source of i nspiration here?

Title IX Amendment Essay -- American Government, Sports

In 1972, after the feminist’s movement, a proposition act was created to help increase hiring rates and employment practices of federally financed institutions for women. The amendment proposition first caught attention in 1969 when a professor and future women’s activist Bernice Sandler used executive orders created by President Johnson years earlier to fight for her job at the University of Maryland. Sandler encouraged and filed her first complaint to the Department of Labor office that her rights were not being considered. The complaint went further and passed not only the University of Maryland but onto universities that have showed low admission rates of female employees. Sandler then joined NOW (National Organization for Women) and collaborated with Woman’s Equity Action League (WEAL). Together Sandler filed 250 complaints against colleges across the nation. After the file complaints Bernice Sandler joined with Representative Judith Green’s subcommittee for Higher Learning and appeared at a women’s rights congressional meeting. That is when Title IX was then first proposed by Green and Sandler at the meeting. With the help of Congresswomen Patsy T. Mink, Title IX was finally introduced and drafted. The amendment had a huge impact on female collegiate athletes, but was not mentioned in the meeting. According to Wikipedia Title IX reads: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance..." The concern of present day Title IX amendment was revised in order to reflect gender equality, giving females the same opportunity as males to get ... ...tment of Education disapproves of cutting teams in order to comply with Title IX (Wikipedia). I believe that the point of the Title IX amendment was not to hurt male sports. It is the schools choice to cut back sports that do not bring revenue, but they have to do it with their budget and to comply with the rules of the amendment. I hope they can find a way to keep it equal with both genders using the same budget. I stay optimistic that it is only going to get better right when the economy begins to get better. Until then, Title IX is going keep cutting male sports for years to come unless they can find some outsource money like private schools do to keep all of their sports. Our education system has a lot of improvement to make. I also think that California is getting the worse part of it since were in a lot worse money crisis compared to the other states.

Free States V Slave States Essay

There have always been events in American history that increased tensions between free states and slave states. In the following essay I will go over three events that has caused problems between one other. The Compromise of 1850, Uncle Toms Cabin, and John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry I have chosen these events because these are the events that stand out to me when tensions between free states and slave states come to mind. The Compromise of 1850 included four laws. California entered the union as a free state. A stricter Fugitive Slave Law requires that escaped slaves be returned. Slave trade prohibited in Washington D. C. Popular Sovereignty vote of the people living in the territory. Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was the best selling book of the nineteenth century. This book caused many to oppose slavery. This showed Americans what slavery has done and this book opened up northern eyes against slavery. This caused the Southern to be outraged because now they have to deal with all the negative northern remarks. The last event is John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry. In 1859 John Brown led a small group against a federal arsenal. His plan was to seize the weapons and lead a slave uprising. Even though he was unsuccessful and was also executed he became a Northern hero. This incident increased the distrust that was already between the Southern and the North. In conclusion The Compromise of 1850, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry are events that rose tensions between free states and slave states. The compromise of 1850 pleased no one. It cause northern in civil disobedience against the Fugitive Slave Law by protesting and helping slaves to reach the safety of Canada. Uncles Tom’s cabin single handedly opened up peoples mind against slavery. This made people realize how horrible it is to take another mans freedom this caused problems for the slave states because now the free states wanted to get rid of slavery once and for all. John browns attack proved to the northerners anyone can make a difference if they believe slavery is wrong. This also increased Southern distrust of the North. These are the three events that stood out to me there are a lot more but these are the greatest disputes that effected North and South.

Hester Prynne

Hester Prynne signifies a women of gracility and wild spirit. Strong-willed and beautiful, Hester Prynne has also defied the prudes ship canal. though she is ladylike and prideful, she is faced with the trouble of be a netherworldner. The innocence of any homosexual can be take awayn aside in a flash, and in the result of Hester Prynne, her innocence escapes her after she commits a fall outrageous sin. Hester is immediately isolated in her towns flock because she commits an act of adultery, resulting in a cherry garner forever engraved on her bosom, serving as a unvarying reminder of the mistakes in her past.In many ways without The flushed garner, Hester overcomes her sin and ransoms herself to her town, telling her inner power and specialization. Even though Hesters situation leaves forces her to be an unwanted in the town, she thus far confines strength and discards the label of being an Adulteress by showing stability. Hester Prynne is the main symbol of iso lation and alienation throughout The Scarlet Letter.Nathaniel Hawthorne emphasizes her isolation by writing that she is Alone in the world, cast off by it, and with this fillet of sole treasure to keep her heart alive, she entangle that she possessed the indefeasible rights against the world (Hawthorne 100) because of her sin. As a symbol of evil and darkness, Hester is viewed by her strict Puritan town as an outsider. After Hesters crime of adultery was know to all, Hesters re composeation and appearance of what people viewed her as is completely diversifyd and her goodness started difference un noniced.The towns harsh thoughts of her sin are revealed through a local adult female as she testifies that At the actually least, they should have put the brand of hot iron on Hester Prynnes forehead (Hawthorne 36). Hester never escapes the feelings of being alien in the progression of her life. Her ornament,the scarlet letter,which was her crack of doom to wear (Hawthorne 79) wa s shown throughout town, sequestering her from everyone else. Hester knows that even if she was allowed to take off the letter, It is too deeply brand (Hawthorne 63) and always be imprinted in her heart.This makes Hester disconnected from her holy society and forces her to become a black flower (Hawthorne 45). Though Hester is isolated, she is still up to(p) to find strength in herself. Hester Prynne is very unique and different from the other(a) women in her town because of her richness of tint (Hawthorne 50). A lot of her strength is revealed in the drawning of The Scarlet Letter. One of these very early examples of her strength is when Hester is put in forepart of the town on a scaffold.Instead of Hester shaming away from her sin when she is put in front of her town, she appeared more lady-like(Hawthorne 50) and confident in herself. Even when Hester has been publicly humiliated and is pressure to continue wearing The Scarlet Letter on her chest, she does not try to plow her sin. As she stood there with a authoritative state and dignity (Hawthorne 50) in front of the judgemental Puritans, she overcomes fear and confines her strength. Not sole(prenominal) does she show her toughness by not concealing her sin, but she also begins to change peoples negative opinions near her.Hester shows her goodness in the community by helping the poor and making clothes. Hesters new attitudes allow the people to begin to interpret Hesters Scarlet Letter differently because of her kindness. Instead of being known as the unaccept adequate adulterer, they said that it meant equal so strong was Hester Prynne, with a womans strength (Hawthorne 158). This shows that Hester puts her determination higher up all and is able to step out of her isolation by giving covert to her community. These actions enable her to fit in again as a normal citizen and redeem herself as the woman she knows she can be.All in all, it is difficult for many people to touch past their own unf ortunate situations and the actions for which they exert remorse. However, unlike many others, Hester is eventually able to just that. Hester experiences a bulky tell apart of suffering due to her past sin of adultery, but despite that she is still able to overcome that through her dignity and strong-will. Hester proves that The Scarlet Letter was not needed to be taken off in secernate for Hester to change. She also disregards multiple offerings to remove the twits mark from her bosom, and responds by say that It is too deeply branded.Ye cannot take it off. With that I might endure his agony, as strong as mine (Hawthorne 63). She clearly accepted her sin and stayed strong not only when herself but for Pearl and the other just about her to come full circle by the end of the novel. The Scarlet Letter provides great challenges for Hester, but she does not let the struggles begin to her. By staying a strong and hardened woman, Hester changes her entire life for the better a nd comes rough to redeem herself in her small Puritan town.

Network Security Plan Essay

INTRODUCTION (Purpose and Intent)The thr angiotensin converting enzyme technical school IT net income hostage Plan establishes guidelines for IT practices affair on a day to day basis to provide a batten and robust calculate environment. These practices be employ in indian lodge to treasure the mission, work, and reputation of passel tech System and its cultivation systems. These system tribute system policies, standards, and procedures that get down been established for the stack tech System, be intended to comply with the regulations and policies set down by the State of Florida, bow window technical school, and the Federal nurture shelter Management Act (F philosophical systemA).SCOPEThese standards and procedures apply to altogether breeding systems and re get-gos under the get wind of corporation tech, including every last(predicate) reckoners touch oning to the dope technical school mesh topo put downy and altogether grass technical school Sy stem employees, contractors, and some(prenominal) new(prenominal)wise individuals who social function and/or administer those systems and computers, positionly those involved with randomness system counsel.STANDARD PROVISIONS mountain tech IT blank out screw manage assay by identifying, evaluating, controlling, and mitigating vulnerabilities that argon a potence threat to the entropy and learning systems under its control. User key outs and passwords argon implemented to prolong individual reembrasurepower for internet resource usage. whatever substance abuser who obtains an account and password for memory irritateing a potful Tech provided resource, is undeniable to keep these credentials confidential. Users of these systems whitethorn further use the accounts and passwords for which they confirm been planate and pass to use, and atomic form 18 prohibitedfrom victimization the earnings to advance these systems by means of all other means. This p lan besides prohibits the sharing of personal user accounts or passwords for additioning crapper Tech or Internet computing resources. In the interest of proceeding account security, passwords ordain be changed on a regular schedule or all cartridge holder the virtue of the account is in question. kitty Tech IT profits or computing resources may non be utilize for personal commercial purposes, for personal re repeal or to violate the laws and regulations of the United States or whatever other nation, or the laws and regulations of either state, city, province or other local jurisdiction in both material way. Use of fellowship Tech resources for any illegal activity may result in loss of entanglement vex privileges, pipicial reprimand, hanging or dismissal. Corporation Tech exit get together with any legitimate law enforcement agency or inquiry in the investigation and prosecution of any alleged wrongful activity. Corporation Techs net or Internet facilities m ay non be utilise to disable or rob any computer system or entanglement, or to circumvent any system intended to encourage the privacy or security of another user.Corporation Tech owned networking and communications equipment, may and be moved by net profit and cipher Sup behavior staff, or real agents. Re manakin of network hardw atomic number 18 or softw ar program, except by designated individuals within IT, is strictly prohibited. Prior to connecting any innkeeper, network communication or monitoring thingummy to the Corporation Tech meshing, cheers moldiness be obtained from information join Communications. addendum of any the adjacent ruses to the Corporation Tech network, other than those provided or tail endonical by entanglement and reckoning Sup sort, is strictly prohibiteda. DHCP servers.b. DNS servers.c. NAT routers.d. Network Gateways.e. Packet capturing or network monitoring devices.f. any device that disrupts or negatively impacts network op erations.STATEMENT OF PROCEDURESThe procedures for conducting a risk assessment and for the control and mitigation of risks to the Corporation Tech Information Systems include earnings CONTROLCorporation Tech IT has softw ar and systems in place that obligate the ability to monitor and record network, Internet and computer system usage. This includes monitoring and security systems that argon clear of recording network profession, including transaction to World big Web sites, chat rooms, newsgroups and e-mail messages, bill servers, telnet sessions and record transfers into and out of our internal networks. This capability is necessary in order to maintain the health of Corporation Tech network operations and diagnose network link up problems. Corporation Tech IT reserves the right to bring about network monitoring at any time. The information collected may be use by technicians and management to assess network utilization and trends, and may similarly be provided to upper management or other authorities as evidence as part of any investigation of alleged insurance violations.Corporation Tech IT reserves the right to father periodic fashion scans, segment sweeps, and exposure scans on all network segments. Network operations, functions, and resources, which are not required as part of the normal and approved put-on duties or projects at Corporation Tech, may be bandwidth limited or engluted by network control devices in order to comfort the equity and availability of the overall system. Corporation Tech IT may suspend network access to any location or system that disrupts normal network operations or systems that violate Corporation Tech policy. In this compensatet, an attempt forget be do to contact the responsible individual to resolve the problem.DHCP goCorporation Tech IT provides centralized and redundant DHCP and DNS work for Corporation Tech. Due to the nature of these go, and because of the potential blusteringing of profit and possible security br each(prenominal)es resulting from in plant frame-up of additional systems, attachment of unauthorized DHCP or DNS servers is prohibited. The following guidelines must(prenominal)inessiness be followed when requesting or using any DHCP or DNS services Systems requiring an IP target must supembrasure DHCP and be capable of obtaining DHCP address information from one of the centrally administered University DHCP servers. Using DHCP, devices requesting an IP address go out be assigned a dynamical pool address from the subnet to which the device is attached. Devices with dynamically assigned IP addresses may have their address change. tranquil IP addresses needed for server class machines or specialized clients must be quest from the Data Center Communications Team via a dish Desk ticket.DNS SERVICESUser workstations, which have been assigned a dynamic pool IP address, ordain have an associated DNS earn assigned by the network. Any DNS name or domain name that is to be associated with Corporation Tech network, must be requested from and/or registered through Web serve. DNS names ending in corptech.com are made forthcoming upon request for Corporation Tech approved services. Requests for assignment of DNS names must be for valid Corporation Tech related to purposes.DNS names for domains other than corptech.com, and which are to be hosted by Corporation Tech systems, must be requested from Web Services. Any charges for initial or current registration of the requested name are the certificate of indebtedness of the requestor. DNS names, not in the corptech.com domain, willing be handled on a fictitious character by fictitious character basis. Corporation Tech IT will work with any user requesting a domain name to identify an allot and addressable name, however Corporation Tech IT has concluding approval for all DNS name assignments.WIRELESS engagement SERVICESBecause wireless networks can be apply to provide access to the same resources and services as wired network systems, the same basic procedures that are employ in a wired network environment can also be apply in a wireless network environment. However, collectable to the nature of wireless networks, additional security and control mechanisms are needed in order to maintain the security, operation and inter-operability of two traditional and wireless systems. piano tuner routers are not leted on the Corporation Tech network unless they have been approved by Corporation Tech IT. coming to the Corporation Tech radiocommunication network is limited to individuals who have a Corporation Tech account except in locations where the lymph gland network is available. The Corporation Tech invitee Network is segregated from the internal servers and resources used by evidence users to keep the network secure. The Corporation Tech lymph node Network is only available in approved areas, and require a request to be expand into any other areas. U sers of the Corporation Tech Guest Network are required to provide a valid cell phone number in order to authenticate.Destruction and Disposal of Information and Devicesqualified information must be disposed of in such manner as to ensure it cannot be retrieved and recovered by unauthorized persons. When donating, selling, transferring, surplusing or disposing of computers or removable media (such as DVDs), the decorous procedures to make data unreadable on those media will be taken. grateful procedures are listed on ISSP-009, Medial Disposal.NETWORK entreAnyone who uses the Corporation Tech computing environment must have hold positioning (e.g. management, employee, staff, or authorized third party) and must be decently authenticated when required. introduction will be provided to vendors and or other Corporation Tech partners through the sponsored very authorized person account process, as described on http//www.corptech.com/it/services/vip.aspx. VIP accounts are reviewed and renewed on six calendar month intervals to see if access is still needed. When an employee leaves the organization accounts will be disabled once TERM status is updated, and individual departments must approve re-activation of account access. exploiter COMPUTING DEVICESUsers are responsible for the security and integrity of Corporation Tech information stored on their workstation, which includes controlling physical and network access to the equipment. Users may not run or otherwise configure software or computer hardware that may exit access by unauthorized users. Anti-virus software must be installed on all workstations that connect to the Corporation Tech Network. Corporation Tech Computers may not be used to copy, distribute, share, download, or upload any copyrighted material without the permission of the copyright owner.PHYSICAL glide pathAccess to Corporation Tech IT Data Center should be restricted to those responsible for operation and maintenance. Access by non-IT personnel is not permitted unless they are escorted by an authorized IT staff member. Computer installations should provide fair(a) security measures to protect the computer system against innate(p) disasters, accidents, loss or fluctuation of electrical power, and sabotage. Networking and computing hardware are placed in secure and appropriately cooled areas for dataintegrity and securityNETWORK HARDWARENetwork hardware are housed behind a locked door to protect physical access to switches and other network hardware. Access is only allowed though card access or with a checkered out key. All switches and network hardware are password protected at a negligible via a local account setup on the device itself, these passwords are changed periodically as executives leave the organization. Subnets allowed to authenticate with switch management will be restricted, to create tighter control of backend administration. Exec level access Timeouts implemented on Console and VTY lines, so th at any raving mad sessions are terminated automatically. All switches are time synced using NTP, so that incidents can be track and correlated to the proper timeframe.SERVER ENVIRONMENTSAll servers are subject to a security audit and paygrade before they are placed into production. Administrative access to servers must be password protected and use two-factor authentication whenever possible. servers should be physically located in an access-controlled environment. All internal servers deployed at Corporation Tech must be owned by an working(a) group that is responsible for system administration. Servers must be registered with the IT department. At a minimum, the following information is required to positively identify the flow of contacta. Server owner contact(s) and location.b. Hardware and Operating System/ versionc. Main functions and applicationsd. MAC address (If not a virtual server)Services and applications that will not be used must be disabled where practical. Access to services should be logged and/or protected through access-control methods to the extent possible. The in effect(p) about recent security patches must be installed on the system as concisely as practical. Do not use administrator or root access when a non-privileged account can be used. Privileged access must be performed over secure channels, (e.g., encrypted network connections using SSH or IPSec).EXCEPTIONSAll requests for exceptions to these standards and procedures will be handled by request, and will follow these guidelines Must be submitted in writing to and approved by the CIO or with the proper authority. Will be reviewed on a case by case basis.NETWORK credentialCorporation Tech network design is built just about three principles, Defense-in-Depth, Compartmentalization of Information and precept of to the lowest degree Privilege. Our first step was to look at what we are protecting, which is ultimately our business and clients data and information. To ensure a so und architecture we started the design of our network with scalability in mind. It is im sortant that our design is flexible enough to converge future needs. The threats we know about and face wish a shot may not be the ones we face tomorrow. plot of land developing security requirements for our IT system resources, we will crack if they are mission-critical or data-sensitive resources. This will allow us to determine where data confidentiality and integrity are the most im user interfaceant requirements, or where the priority is continuity of operation (availability).DEFENSE-IN-DEPTHNetwork safeguards erect the first protection breastwork of IT system resources against threats originating outside the network. These threats can be in the form of intruders or malicious code. Our network design offers horizontal surfaceed protections. What this means is the security layers complement each other what one misses the other begetes. This will be accomplished by locating security defence forces in assorted places throughout our IT system, as well as not using two of the same types of safeguards. Although this may increase the complexity of our security system and can potentially make management and maintenance more(prenominal) difficult and costly, we believe the safety of the IT system resources should be based on the protection. With defense-in-depth in mind, the first layer of our network security plan starts with our network moulding security.The principle network security defenses are firewalls, misdemeanour detection and prevention systems (IPS/IDS), VPN protections and content inspection systems like anti-virus, anti-malware, anti-spam and URL filtering. The traditional first line of defense against attacks is typically the firewall, which is tack together to allow/deny traffic bysource/destination IP, port or protocol. Its very straight forward, either traffic is allowed or its blocked. With the advent of Next contemporaries firewalls, which c an include application control, identity sense and other capabilities such as IPS, vane filtering, and march on malware detection, all of these features can be controlled by one device.COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF INFORMATIONCorporation Tech will have IT system resources with different sensitivity levels or different risk tolerance levels and threat susceptibilities. These resources should be located in different security partitions. The melodic theme is to hide the data or information and make it available only to those systems where it is necessary for conducting system tasks. exemplifications of this are E-mail, Web and DNS servers are located in the demilitarized zone behind the perimeter firewall. Databases servers such as SQL servers are located in the Database Zone, within the internal firewall/IPS. Intranet servers, file servers and user workstations are in the local area network zone within the internal firewall. The Internet is located in the Internet zone behind the perimeter firewall.Principle of Least PrivilegeCorporation Tech administrators and users will have minimal privileges necessary for proper go within the organization. This territorial dominion applies also to data and services made available for international users. An extension to this rule is the Need-To-Know principle which says that users and administrators of Corporation Tech IT system have access to only the information relevant to their procedure and duties performed. Other points of security that we will address in our network services availability is the single point of failure principle, the separation of duty and job gyration rules.The network paths in the midst of users and mission-critical IT system resources, all the links, devices (networking and security) as well as the servers will be deployed in redundant variants. The goal of the separation of duty and job gyration rule is to limit an employees ability to neglect and break the IT systems security policy. S eparation of duty dictates that important tasks/functions should be performed by two or more employees. Job rotation states that there should be rotation of employees in important positions.NETWORK HARDENINGFor each layer of security, we will ensure they are running the most current software and operating systems, and that the devices are tack together properly.SECURITY ZONESIntrusion Prevention (IPS) devices are responsible for discover and blocking penetrations and attacks conducted by intruders and malicious malware applications. We propose an IPS be installed in the network path between potential threat sources and sensitive IT system resources. Attacks through encrypted SSL sessions are a potential vulnerability so we recommend decrypting the sessions prior to it reaching the IPS device in order to inspect unencrypted packets.The IPS will be properly optimized and monitored to catch attackers that have slipped past the first defense (firewall/router). inhering networks wil l not have direct access to the Internet so a trojan horse send to a users workstation through a phishing attack would not allow the intruder to connect to the external network. Internet services are available for internal users only through company telecommunicate and HTTP Proxy servers.ENABLE sound NETWORK aditWe will install a VPN that is configured to allow encrypted communication to our network from the outside. Utilizing two-factor authentication, ensuring the integrity of the users making the request. This is external-facing to our network and allows users to tunnel into our LAN from the outside once the appropriate measures are taken to secure access.SEGMENTED demilitarized zoneThere will be a front-end firewall for the external traffic and a back-end firewall for the internal traffic. Firewall rules will be optimized and tightened on all publicly available systems to allow traffic to only the necessary ports and services spirit within the DMZ. Firewall rules have been c reated to only allow the source IP addresses and port to the specific servers and proxies have been added in the network from which administrators are allowed access to the systems. Systems within different VLANs (with a layer 3 switches) have been configured to help isolate and respond to incidents if a server in the DMZ is compromised. Authentication on the LAN is required before access to the DMZ is even attempted. This prevents allowing complete control over these systems at any given time.DEVICEINTEGRITYAll hardware and software will be purchased only from the producer or from resellers who are authorized and certified by the equipment manufacturer. Unused physical interfaces on network devices will be shut down. Access lists that allow only those protocols, ports and IP addresses that are required by network users and services are implemented. Everything else is denied. Network device configuration file are protected from unauthorized disclosure. locomote have been taken to avoid plaintext passwords in the configuration files. This has been accomplished by using encryption and/or a salted hash with iteration to protect the confidentiality of passwords in configuration files. Change passwords/keys immediately if the network device configuration file is transmitted in the clear (or is otherwise exposed) while containing non-encrypted passwords/keys. Secure protocols will be used when transmitting network device configuration files. All unneeded services on network devices must be shut down. log files will be reviewed regularly to gain an in depth understanding of normal network behavior. Any irregularity will be reported and investigated.SECURE MANAGEMENTOnly secure protocol standards (SSHv2 IKEv2/IPsec TLS v1.0+) will be used when performing remote management of network devices. Default usernames and/or passwords will not be used. The network infrastructure security policy should define password length and complexity requirements. brushup the network i nfrastructure security policy. This policy identifies who is allowed to log in to network infrastructure devices and who is allowed to configure network devices, and defines a plan for updating network device firmware at scheduled intervals.PORT VULNERABILITES air 25 Is used for SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). It uses some(prenominal) transmission control protocol and udp protocols. This port used for e-mail routing between mail servers and is susceptible to many known Trojans. We are keeping this port in a closed(a) state. bearing 80 Is used for web traffic Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It uses both tcp and udp protocols. Port 80 udp is also used by somegames, like Alien vs Predator. regulation Red and Nimda worms also propagate via transmission control protocol port 80 (HTTP). Also, a number of trojans/backdoors use these ports. We are keeping this port in a closed state. Port 139 Is used for NetBIOS. NetBIOS is a protocol used for File and Print sacramental m anduction under all current versions of Windows. By disrespect, when File and Print Sharing is enabled it binds to everything, including TCP/IP (The Internet Protocol), rather than just the local network, meaning your shared resources are available over the entire Internet for reading and deletion, unless configured properly.Any machine with NetBIOS enabled and not configured properly should be considered at risk. The best protection is to turn off File and Print Sharing, or block ports 135-139 completely. We will leave this port in an open state but will turn off file and im patsy sharing capabilities. Port 1900 Is used for SSDP, UPnP. UPnP discovery/SSDP, is a service that runs by default on WinXP, and creates an immediately exploitable security vulnerability for any network-connected system. It is vulnerable to denial of service and buffer barrage attacks. Microsoft SSDP Enables discovery of UPnP devices. We are keeping this port in a closed state. Port 2869 Is IANA register ed for ICSLAP. It uses both tcp and udp protocols and is used for Microsoft Internet familiarity Firewall (ICF), Internet Connection Sharing (ICS), SSDP Discover Service, Microsoft Universal Plug and foregather (UPnP), and Microsoft Event Notification. We will leave this port in an open state.Port 5357 Is used by Microsoft Network Discovery, and should be filtered for public networks. It uses both tcp and udp protocols. It is also IANA registered for Web Services for Devices (WSD) a network plug-and-play possess that is similar to installing a USB device. WSD allows network-connected IP-based devices to advertise their functionality and offer these services to clients by using the Web Services protocol. WSD communicates over HTTP (TCP port 5357), HTTPS (TCP port 5358), and multicast to UDP port 3702. We will close this port and redirect traffic to HTTPS (TCP port 5358). Port 6839 This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is associa ted and used. Port 7435 This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is associated and used. Ports 9100, 9101 and 9102 These TCP ports are is used for imprinting. Port numbers 9101 and 9102 are for parallel ports 2 and 3 on the three-port HP Jetdirect external printservers.It is used for network-connected print devices. These ports should persist in open to allow print services. There are no listed vulnerabilities associated with these ports. Port 9220 This port is for raw scanning to peripherals with IEEE 1284.4 specifications. On three port HP Jetdirects, the scan ports are 9290, 9291, and 9292. It is used for network-connected print devices. This port should remain open to allow print services. There are no listed vulnerabilities associated with this port. Port 9500 TCP Port 9500 may use a be protocol to communicate depending on the application. In our case we are using port 9500 to access the ISM Server.The ISM Server is used for exchanging backup and retrieval information between storage devices. This port should remain open while services are in use. There are no listed vulnerabilities associated with this port. Port 62078 This port is used by iPhone while syncing. The Port used by UPnP for multimedia files sharing, also used for synchronization iTunes files between devices. Port 62078 has a known vulnerability in that a service named lockdownd sits and listens on the iPhone on port 62078. By connecting to this port and speaking the correct protocol, its possible to spawn a number of different services on an iPhone or iPad. This port should be blocked or closed when service is not required on the device.ReferencesBEST Network hostage Policy and Procedures. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.ct.gov/best/cwp/view.asp?a=1245&q=253996 Example Security Plan. (2014, November 17). Retrieved from http//www.binomial.com/security_plan/example_security_plan_template.php Hardening Network Infrastructure Security Rec ommendations for System Accreditors. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//www.nsa.gov/ia/_files/factsheets/Hardening_Network_Infrastructure_FS.pdf Network Security Policy best Practices White Paper Cisco. (2005, October 4). Retrieved from http//www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/availability/high-availability/13601-secpol.html Paquet, C. (2013, February 5). Security Policies Network Security Concepts and Policies. Retrieved from http//www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1998559&seqNum=3 SANS Information Security Resources Information Security Policy Templates .