Why, according to Lee Kuan Yew, are Western democratic systems unsuited to East Asia?

Lee Kuan Yew, prime minister of Singapore between 1959 and 1990, and now Senior Minister of his country, commands much respect and influence in both the East and the West. This respect and influence reaches to the highest echelons of world leaders, to the vast multitude of academics, commentators and development strategists, and to the millions of people who live in East Asia. Regardless of whether or not this esteem is justified and deserved, ti is real, and therefore must be analysed, interpreted, criticised or praised while not forgetting the importance and effect his beliefs and proclamations have had, and will have. Any discussion of world politics, especially in East Asia, cannot ignore the hows, whys and wherefores of the current situation and the influence that current ideas and thought may have on the future. Lee's views have undoubtedly shaped his own country, certainly have influenced other governments in the region, and will definitely bear their markon the short- to mid-term future of East Asian politics. This explains the reasons why this essay solely deals with him. The essay is divided into three main sections. Firstly, I will discuss Lee's ideas and policies, and why he believes in an ‘Asian values' view of the politics of the region. Secondly, I will explore some of the responses that have been made in opposition to his views, and thirdly, I will present some observations and conclusions of my own. These observations will draw on some other problems and inconsistencies with Lee's ideas. Let us turn then to the man and his ideas. The central theme running through any study or discussion of his political ideas and actions is the importance that culture has on shaping the society and its structures. The shared history, traditions, make-up, worldview and social relationships are the key factors that determine how a state should be organised and governed. Thus, if the culture is different between two sets of peoples, then the resulting state structure and government type will also be different. Culture is the driver, the basis of society and the legitimacy used by those in power to decree what is best for their people. This viewpoint is often referred to as the ‘Asian values' system (Ng, 1997, Theodore de Bary, 1999, Hague & Harrop, 2001) and is summed up succinctly by the title of a famous interview with Lee which appeared in a 1994 edition of Foreign Affairs – ‘Culture is Destiny' (Zakiria, 1994). The importance that Lee places on the cultural aspect of a society does not mean that what is right for his country is also right for other countries. Whilst consistently dismissing Western-, and in particular, US-style democratic systems as valid models for Singapore, he does not suggest that the US-style system is neccessarily wrong for the US. It is not my business to tell people what's wrong with their system. It is my business to tell people not to foist their system indiscrimately on societies in which it will not work (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 110). This can be seen as a statement recognising the particularity of political systems depending on the society / culture in question. Whilst Lee has been described as being authoritarian, semi-, or soft-authoritarian, he certainly doesn't make claims for the world to be based on an Asian values system. It appears that his position is more concerned about keeping hold of power in Singapore rather than exporting it around the world. The main, fundamental as Lee calls it, cultural reason why Western democratic systems are unsuited to East Asia is the difference between the place and status of the individual in those societies. The fundamental difference between Western concepts of society and government and East Asian concepts†¦ is that Eastern societies believe that the individual exists in the context of his family. He is not pristine and separate. The family is part of the extended family, and the friends and the wider society. The ruler or government does not try to provide for a person what the family best provides (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 113). This focus on the moral and virtuous notion of society is stongly linked to Confucianism, so often portrayed as being fundamentally East Asian and always compared with Western systems. Lee's manifestation of this doctrine is used by him to legitimate and promote an East Asian society based on strong hierarchical structures to bring about social and political stability. In the East the main object is to have a well-ordered society so that everybody can have maximum enjoyment of his freedoms. This freedom can only exist in an ordered state and not in a natural state of contention and anarchy (Zakiria quoting Le, 1994, p. 111). These three main features of Lee's take on East Asia's political and social climate – culture, the place in society of the individual, and a well-ordered society – are admittedly affected and influenced by the West over time, and are not seen as developing without the impact of colonial rule and imperialism. †¦ ur Confucianism has been attenuated by 120 years of British rule and education in British and other English-speaking universities (IHT, 2001). But, despite this impact Lee steadfastly denies any further infusion of Western democracy into East Asia, especially Singapore. †¦ this doesn't mean we are going to be like a Western society. The values are different (de Borch, 2001). Lee is not the torch-h older for everyone though. Whilst he receives praise from his counterparts around the world, there are many in the academic and development strategist world that strongly disagree with him. Of course, it is not just a simple case of disagreeing over a matter of opinion, there are many valid and strong arguments against Lee's ideas. From this myriad of arguments, I have identified three main strands of contestation – historical arguments against Lee's ‘Asian values', the theoretical arguments concerning discussions of what democracy should be and how it should be followed in East Asia, and the problems and criticisms of the actually existing governing style of Lee. First then, arguments against Lee taken from history. There are two key aspects to this – the relevance of Confucianism to East Asia today, and evidence of a democratic tradition throughout East Asia's past. Famously, Max Weber theorised about the particular contribution to advanced capitalism of the ‘Protestant ethic'. This, in turn, explained how other cultures, including Confucian cultures, were not suited to advanced capitalism. Clearly this can now be questionned, especially if, as many commentators have said, that East Asia is economically dynamic. If Confucianism explains the economic boom in East Asia today, does it not also explain that region's stagnation for four centuries? Zakiria, 1994, p. 125). Kin Dae Jung, writing in response to the ‘Culture is Destiny' interview, identifies a strong tradition and history of democratic ideals and institutions in East Asia's past. This suggests that an argument could be made for ‘Asian values' actually referring to a much more democratic system than the Confucian-based one that Lee propagates. A thorough anaylsis makes it clear that Asia has a rich heritage of democracy-oriented philosophies and traditions. Asia has already made great strides toward democratisation and possesses the necessary conditions to develop democracy even beyond the level of the West (Jung, 1994, p. 91). The second major criticism of Lee comes from studies of the theoretical nature of democracy and what it means, shuold mean, or can mean to East Asia. The basic premise is that why should democracy only be relevant to particular cultures and why should particular cultures have to follow other political paths? This highlights the argument for democracy's universality. There is nothing special about torturing the Asian way†¦ human rights are human rights (Vatikiotis cited by Hague & Harrop, 2001, p. 29). The rejection of Western-style democracy by East Asian leaders is also seen by some as merely an excuse for not moving beyond ‘soft-authoritarianism' and into democracy. This is strongly tied up with the observation that this is simply the most effective way for leaders such as Lee to rule their countries. The biggest obstacle is not its cultural heritage but the resistance of authoritarian rulers and their apologists (Jung, 1994, p. 194). The third area of opposition to Lee's ideas that can be identified is that of problems with the actually exisitng state and society structures and institutions. For some, just observing Lee's form of rule is enough to reject his notions of what is the correct way to govern. These doubts stem chiefly from the Singapore government's undeniably harsh treatment of the opposition, as evidenced in its most recent elections (Ng, 1997, p. 21) Also, there appears to be two threats to the whole ‘Asian values' theory. Firstly, we have on the one hand Lee purporting to leave the individual's private matters to the individual, whilst on the other it can be observed that his government is actually intruding into the private sphere more than ever (Jung, 1994, p. 90). Secondly, an external threat is apparent from the global spread of modernisation. †¦ as an inevitable consequence of industrialisation, the family-centred East Asian societies are also rapidly moving toward self-centred individualism. Nothing in human history is permanent (Jun, 1994, p. 21). In conclusion it must be said that Lee's position in East Asia, and his reverance amongst Western opinion-formers should not distract us from dissecting and criticising his ideas. It is not good enough to assume that cultural traits should determine, worse still, justify the actions of governments, particularly Lee's. There should be certain aspects to a government and society that are unacceptable no matter what setting. Lee makes much of the need for a ‘well-ordered' society. The heavy-handed way this society is brought about blatantly contradicts Lee's notions of freedom. He talks of East Asians being able to have â€Å"maximum enjoyment of his freedoms† but Lee's notion of what is behaving and what is misbehaving sets a Singaporean's realm of freedom for him. This is certainly not the freedom that John Stuart Mill wrote about. It could be argued that it is better to have a society that is not so ‘well-ordered' but democratic, than it is to live in a society such as one that Lee envisages; faith must be placed with society to check its members' activities rather than have all aspects of life limited by an all-seeing government. Lee's ways may also only be suited to a small state such as Singapore. Even he admits that, within that small population, total control is practically impossible. This for me leads to the heart of the importance placed by Lee on ‘Asian values' and why Western ideas of democracy are unsuited to East Asia. It is very hard to escape the conclusion that the justification of ‘Asian values' is solely a political smokescreen to maintain power. It is even harder to escape this conclusion when the man himself proclaims: So when Americans tell me: you ought to govern in this way, I say thank you very much, I have listened to you very carefully, if I don't think we are ready for that, I have to do it my way (IHT, 2001, my emphasis).

Acids and Bases Terms and Definitions

Acids and Bases Terms and Definitions There are several methods of defining acids and bases. While these definitions dont contradict each other, they do vary in how inclusive they are. The most common definitions of acids and bases are Arrhenius acids and bases, Brà ¸nsted-Lowry  acids and bases, and Lewis acids and bases. Antoine Lavoisier, Humphry Davy, and Justus Liebig also made observations regarding acids and bases, but didnt formalize definitions. Svante Arrhenius  Acids and Bases The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases dates back to 1884, building on his observation that salts, such as sodium chloride, dissociate into what he termed ions when placed into water. acids produce H ions in aqueous solutionsbases produce OH- ions in aqueous solutionswater required, so only allows for aqueous solutionsonly protic acids are allowed; required to produce hydrogen ionsonly hydroxide bases are allowed Johannes Nicolaus Brà ¸nsted - Thomas Martin Lowry Acids and Bases The  Brà ¸nsted or  Brà ¸nsted-Lowry theory describes acid-base reactions as an acid releasing a proton and a base accepting a proton. While the acid definition is pretty much the same as that proposed by Arrhenius (a hydrogen ion is a proton), the definition of what constitutes a base is much broader. acids are proton donorsbases are proton acceptorsaqueous solutions are permissiblebases besides hydroxides are permissibleonly protic acids are allowed Gilbert Newton Lewis  Acids and Bases The Lewis theory of acids and bases is the least restrictive model. It doesnt deal with protons at all, but deals exclusively with electron pairs. acids are electron pair acceptorsbases are electron pair donorsleast restrictive of the acid-base definitions Properties of Acids and Bases Robert Boyle described the qualities of acids and bases in 1661. These characteristics may be used to easily distinguish between the two sets up chemicals without performing complicated tests: Acids taste sour (dont taste them!)- the word acid comes from the Latin acere, which means souracids are corrosiveacids change litmus (a blue vegetable dye) from blue to redtheir aqueous (water) solutions conduct electric current (are electrolytes)react with bases to form salts and waterevolve hydrogen gas (H2) upon reaction with an active metal (such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, zinc, aluminum) Common Acids citric acid (from certain fruits and veggies, notably citrus fruits)ascorbic acid (vitamin C, as from certain fruits)vinegar (5% acetic acid)carbonic acid (for carbonation of soft drinks)lactic acid (in buttermilk) Bases taste bitter (dont taste them!)feel slippery or soapy (dont arbitrarily touch them!)bases dont change the color of litmus; they can turn red (acidified) litmus back to bluetheir aqueous (water) solutions conduct an electric current (are electrolytes)react with acids to form salts and water Common Bases detergentssoaplye (NaOH)household ammonia (aqueous) Strong and Weak Acids and Bases The strength of acids and bases depends on their ability to dissociate or break into their ions in water. A strong acid or strong base completely dissociates (e.g., HCl or NaOH), while a weak acid or weak base only partially dissociates (e.g., acetic acid). The acid dissociation constant and base dissociation constant indicates the relative strength of an acid or base. The acid dissociation constant Ka is the equilibrium constant of an acid-base dissociation: HA H2O ⇆ A- H3O where HA is the acid and A- is the conjugate base. Ka [A-][H3O] / [HA][H2O] This is used to calculate pKa, the logarithmic constant: pka - log10 Ka The larger the pKa value, the smaller the dissociation of the acid and the weaker the acid. Strong acids have a pKa of less than -2.

Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Themes

Mark Twain tells us of the adventures young Huckleberry Finn experiences in his book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Throughout Huck’s adventures, he learns to tell the moral people from the dishonest and finds where he stands on the issues of superstition, religion, slavery, and freedom. Even though several themes are sporadically mentioned, the themes of superstitions and immorality seem to be more frequently apparent in Huck’s life. Superstitions are brought up many times throughout the book, and were never taken lightly. For example, Huck was sleeping one night when he saw a spider crawling and said, â€Å" I didn’t need nobody to tell me that was an awful bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck (Twain 4).† True, spiders are disgusting and terrifying, but since when are they a cause of bad luck? Usually creepy crawly arachnids would fascinate a young boy, but Huck was fearful due to a mere superstition. Also, Huck tells us about Jim’s good-luck charm. He says, â€Å"...a hairball as big as a fist... used to do magic with, and knowed everything (Twain 23).† Sometimes people will look to anything to help them with troubles they may be having, some even resort to an ox’s hairball. This ball of regurgitated hair has some mystical powers and can help the boys when they seek answers, what else could you ask for? Finally, Huck reminds Jim what he had told him. He says,â₠¬  You said it was the worst luck in the world to touch a snake skin with my hand (Twain 68).† Touching a snake skin and getting bad luck seems similar to the spider incident, maybe creepy-crawly creatures are more than just gross. Possibly snakeskin can affect the mind in a horrible manner, or somehow make you ill, only one way to find out. Due to the frequent mention of superstitions, we can conclude they played a rather large role in the life of Huck. Throughout Huck’s life, he is surrounded by role models that often have a negative i... Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Themes Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Themes Mark Twain tells us of the adventures young Huckleberry Finn experiences in his book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Throughout Huck’s adventures, he learns to tell the moral people from the dishonest and finds where he stands on the issues of superstition, religion, slavery, and freedom. Even though several themes are sporadically mentioned, the themes of superstitions and immorality seem to be more frequently apparent in Huck’s life. Superstitions are brought up many times throughout the book, and were never taken lightly. For example, Huck was sleeping one night when he saw a spider crawling and said, â€Å" I didn’t need nobody to tell me that was an awful bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck (Twain 4).† True, spiders are disgusting and terrifying, but since when are they a cause of bad luck? Usually creepy crawly arachnids would fascinate a young boy, but Huck was fearful due to a mere superstition. Also, Huck tells us about Jim’s good-luck charm. He says, â€Å"...a hairball as big as a fist... used to do magic with, and knowed everything (Twain 23).† Sometimes people will look to anything to help them with troubles they may be having, some even resort to an ox’s hairball. This ball of regurgitated hair has some mystical powers and can help the boys when they seek answers, what else could you ask for? Finally, Huck reminds Jim what he had told him. He says,â₠¬  You said it was the worst luck in the world to touch a snake skin with my hand (Twain 68).† Touching a snake skin and getting bad luck seems similar to the spider incident, maybe creepy-crawly creatures are more than just gross. Possibly snakeskin can affect the mind in a horrible manner, or somehow make you ill, only one way to find out. Due to the frequent mention of superstitions, we can conclude they played a rather large role in the life of Huck. Throughout Huck’s life, he is surrounded by role models that often have a negative i...

Agency and Deterministic Theories

Enthusiasm for the focused results of organizational marvels has become altogether in the course of the most recent quite a long while. Generally, this intrigue has shown itself in 'procedure execution' investigate. Customary system execution researchers have concentrated the procedures through which a firm picks its techniques and in addition the procedures through which those techniques are executed. In this exertion, these researchers have depended vigorously on thoughts and hypotheses taken from organizational financial matters (e.g., exchange cost financial aspects, office theory), organizational theory (e.g., models of formal organizational structures), organizational conduct (e.g., initiative, individual and cooperative choice making). A theory was characterized as including models, definitional frameworks, explanatory composition, and effective builds. The criteria shown to assess a theory as critical were that the theory (1) ought to have demonstrated valuable in comprehension, clarifying, and anticipating the working of organizations or the conduct of individuals in them; (2) ought to have produced huge research; and (3) ought to have clear ramifications for practice and application in some region of administration or organizational working. The researcher is going to explore agency theory as well as the deterministic theory to make our understanding of organizational actions (Agnihotri, 2014). The organization theory writing is loaded with deterministic possibility hypotheses in which the part of the human decision is consigned to a place very optional to the goals of ecological turbulence, innovative procedures, size and proprietorship, data handling necessities or normal determination forms. For instance, proposed connections with respect to "integrity of fit" contemplations amongst organizations and condition suggest that the outline of an organization takes after pretty much consequently from the degrees of variety and many-sided quality displayed by the earth. What such hypotheses do is accept that these "relevant" limitations are official in their belongings and drastically diminish the scope of organizational reaction other options to those that will create the correct "fit" with the autonomous variable being referred to. Camelia (2015) condenses this view succinctly in the opening section of Organizations in real life. He contends that organizations do a portion of the essential things they do on the grounds that they should—or something bad might happen! Later on, he expresses that the "factors controlled by the organization are subordinated to the requirements and possibilities. In differentiating shut framework and open-framework techniques for examining organizations, Hong-wei & John (2013) permit as how the last lets in a bigger number of factors than a man can grasp at one time, bringing about unusualness and vulnerability, and the previous gives the mental solace of expecting determinacy. In spite of the fact that Thom was alluding to the instabilities confronted by a manager, on the off chance that one looks carefully enough, one notification the creator's motivation of lessening his own logical vulnerability by looking for determinacy among the calculated and observational plans acces sible. Determinism is one normal for the organizational writing referred to. Another is reductionism: the reviews tend to concentrate on one free factor (e.g., the level of turbulence) as it makes administrators control one-word variable (e.g., structure). Furthermore, the hypotheses, by and large, are gotten from static, cross-sectional connection considers, which exhibit issues of causal deduction: these sorts of investigations expect that the frameworks being contemplated are in equilibria. In one review that endeavored to rectify for both of these restrictions, Krstov & Vodopivec (2012) looked for hypothetical combination by analyzing how rates of progress of two autonomous factors (size and innovation) influence the rates of progress of two ward factors (many-sided quality and basic separation). In any case, even with a dynamic examination, they found that clarifications for the impacts of the two relevant factors together proved unable to be created. In this manner, they were diminish ed to isolate causal models for every free factor. As contended beneath, maybe the quest for deterministic clarifications drive this reductionism. Agency theory has been utilized by researchers in bookkeeping, financial matters, fund, advertising, political science, organizational conduct, and human science. However, it is as yet encompassed by discussion. Its advocates contend that a transformation is close by and that the establishment of an intense theory of organizations is being established. Its spoilers call it unimportant, dehumanizing, and even "hazardous". In spite of Manral’s (2010) affirmation that agency theory is altogether different from organization theory, agency theory has a few connections to standard organization points of view. At its foundations, agency theory is steady with the work of art works of Manzur & Claudio (2017) on the way of agreeable conduct and on the incitements and commitments of the business relationship. As in this prior work, the heart of agency theory is the objective clash intrinsic when people with varying inclinations take part in a helpful exertion, and the basic similitude is that of the agreement. Agency theory is likewise like political models of organizations. Both agency and political points of view accept the quest for self-enthusiasm at the individual level and objective clash at the organizational level. Likewise, in both points of view, data asymmetry is connected to the energy of lower request members. The distinction is that in political models objective clashes are settled through dealing, transaction, and coalitions—the power component of political science. In agency theory, they are settled through the alignment of motivations—the value instrument of financial aspects (Martyn et al, 2017). Agency theory additionally is like the data handling ways to deal with possibility theory. Both points of view are data hypotheses. They accept that people are bounded sound and that data is disseminated lopsidedly all through the organization. They likewise are effectiveness hypotheses; that is, they utilize effective preparing of data as a basis for picking among different arranging frames. The distinction between the two is their concentration: In possibility, theory scientists are worried about the ideal organizing of detailing connections and basic leadership duties, though in agency theory they are worried about the ideal organizing of control connections coming about because of these detailing and basic leadership designs. For instance, utilizing possibility theory, we would be worried about whether a firm is sorted out in a divisional or network structure (Richard & Gordon, 2016). In the omnipresent mission for the diminishment of vulnerability, maybe people require the variable-lessening capacity that deterministic hypotheses give. From inside the approach, writing comes clarifications of firm conduct in which directors try to diminish the quantity of possibilities and blueprints from which they should react (Selene et al, 2015). What's more, despite the fact that the sane through a school of arrangement plan places the outlining of organizations as the sane procedure of executing a technique, organization structures themselves influence future choices what's more, place limitations on resulting system development. Manral’s (2010) investigation of city government introduces an institutional model in which approach results are affected by which authoritative structure (chairman gathering or board supervisor) is utilized. Subsequently, institutionalized working systems, standardized parts, individual domains, and power connections inter conspire such tha t lone incremental and peripheral choices landed at through arranging and consecutive regard for objectives can prevail with regards to starting changes. Since monstrous reorganization ordinarily is viewed as unrealistic from a cost stance and is extremely opposed on account of its danger to existing force bases and its impact of reestablishing vulnerabilities natural in the changing of formal connections, basic dormancy offers to ascend to the incrementalism. Correspondingly, contending coalition bunches with vulnerability lessening standard working strategies advance consequentialism in objective mindfulness and fill in as smothering snags to breadth in system definition. The "political strengths" impact on the system so relevantly depicted by (Simchi-Levi, Bramel, & Chen, 2014) likewise work vertically inside chains of command to influence policy results by affecting the transmission of data to the policymakers. This "political process" view is deterministic as in strategy results are controlled by powers outside the ability to control or insight of the policymaker; results fitting in with earlier expectations or activity are, best case scenario, unplanned. In a survey of models of "balanced" decision, Mar made the qualification between models of figured discernment, in which individual aims do manage individual (smaller scale) practices, and systemic judiciousness, in which expectations are found or learned as the organizational activity spreads out (Yahyagil, 2015). In either case, results are the result of (some of the time arbitrary) assemble communication, not administration. For instance, one model of ascertained discernment is Alistair & Sà ©bastien’s (2017) "trash can" model of organizational decision, in which choices are created by the obvious propensity of individuals, issues, arrangements, and decisions to be joined by the generally subjective mishaps of their synchronization as opposed to them at first sight pertinence to each other. Presently, one ramification of determinism is that there are sure logical laws (cause-impact connections) that administer occasions. Those laws are discoverable through experimentation, either by researchers or by experts. In this soul, one systemic model, versatile levelheadedness, proposes that if the world and inclinations are steady and the experience sufficiently delayed, the conduct will approach the conduct that would be picked objectively on the premise of great information. At the end of the day, there are a few (deterministic) laws at work which will be found by supervisors as gathered experience licenses them to be uncovered. The above arrangement writing has a tendency to underscore interior structure or political determinants of approach, yet other research keeps up that procedure regularly is most certainly not figured (inside the firm) however is consulted with outer gatherings in the earth. This is particularly valid in government-controlled ventures (e.g., utilities) in which the "zone of key attentiveness" for top-level corporate chiefs is being diminished. Taking after this "outside limitation" perspective of the policymaking procedure, the revelation of new open doors and choices is not really the result of objective ecological examining, as proposed by defenders of key arranging; these options regularly are introduced to the chief by components in the earth itself. For instance, Camelia (2015) proposes that not rarely chiefs' consideration is called to key open doors by sources outside the firm; and this was the reason for Jain (2015) theory that the remote speculation choices made the American multinational firms were the consequence of getting proposition from difficult to overlook sources in their surroundings, (for example, outside governments, customers, and so on.), as opposed to from either casual or formal pursuit. Then again, a "balanced" way to deal with aligning with the earth, for example, collaborating or converging with different organizations, might be blocked, turned around, or generally upset by administrative activity. Taking after this pattern of distinguishing the "powers from without" that compel procedure making, another current line of research in a vital administration is spoken to by the utilization of industry financial aspects in examining the focused conduct of firms inside specific modern conditions. Modern organization financial matters place an industry "structure" (number and size of firms, the level of interest, and so forth), which decides the characteristic benefit of a specific industry. Vital administration researchers have refined this introduction by endeavoring to clarify contrasts in the execution of individual firms inside ventures. This exploration accepts that an arrangement of organization activities (systems) can be coordinated to industry goals to accomplish maximal execution (Rubà ©n et al, 2014). This paper has contended for a move in the path look into in methodology is directed keeping in mind the end goal to envelop the innovative action inferred in its administration. This involves a suspension of conventional direct thinking and the reception of a persuasive perspective. This is not a one of a kind viewpoint. A more legitimate viewpoint lies in the center. Agency theory gives a remarkable, realistic, and exactly testable viewpoint on issues of agreeable exertion. The expectation of this paper is to elucidate a portion of the perplexity encompassing agency theory and to lead organizational researchers to utilize agency theory in their investigation of the expansive scope of central specialist issues confronting firms. Agnihotri, A. (2014). Corporate reputation based theory of choice between organic, hybrid and inorganic growth strategies. Corporate Communications, An International Journal, 19(3), 247-259. Alistair Anderson , Sà ©bastien Ronteau. (2017). Towards an entrepreneurial theory of practice; emerging ideas for emerging economies. Journal of Entreprenuership in Emerging Economies, 110-120. Camelia, D. (2015). Grey systems theory in economics – a historical applications review. Grey Systems: Theory and Application, 5(2), 263-276. Hong-wei Hei, John Balmer. (2013). A grounded theory of the corporate identity and corporate strategy dynamic: A corporate marketing perspective. European Journal of Marketing, 47(3-4), 410-430. Jain, A. K. (2015). Volunteerism and organisational culture: Relationship to organizational commitment and citizenship behaviors in India. Cross Cultural Management, 116-144. Krstov, L., & Vodopivec, R. (2012). Global business in the supply chain and the dynamic effect of organizational rules. Upravlenie razvitieto na organizaciite, 43(4), 96-119. Manral, L. (2010). Towards a theory of endogenous market structure in strategy: Exploring the endogeneity of demand?side determinants of firm investment strategy and market structure. Journal of Strategy and Management, 3(4), 352-373. Manzur Rahman , Claudio Carpano. (2017). National corporate social policy, corporate governance systems, and organizational capabilities. Coporate Governance: The international journal of Business in Society, 13-29. Martyn Gosling, James Richard, Yuri Seo. (2017). Markets and market boundaries: a social practice approach. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 27(2), 408-426. Richard N Landers, Gordon B Schmidt. (2016). Social Media in Employee Selection and Recruitment: Theory, Practice, and Current Challenges (illustrated ed.). Springer. Rubà ©n Sarabia-Pà ©rez , Antonio Jimeno-Morenilla , Rafael Molina-Carmona. (2014). Deterministic mathematical morphology for CAD/CAM. Engeneering Computations, 1221-1241. Selene de Souza Siqueira Soares , Maria Sylvia Macchione Saes , Luiz Fernando de Oriani Paulillo. (2015). Brazilian ethanol market: Organizational change and impacts on the governance structures of distribution firms, 2000-2012. British Food Journal, 2532-2546. Simchi-Levi, D., Bramel, J., & Chen, X. (2014). The logic of logistics : theory, algorithms, and applications for logistics and supply chain management (4 ed.). New York: Springer. Yahyagil, M. Y. (2015). Constructing a typology of culture in organizational behavior. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 506-527.  

Internal and external Environments for the oil and gas management Essay

Internal and external Environments for the oil and gas management - Essay Example The theory of peak oil is largely based on Hubbert’s work. He foresaw peak oil production in 48 countries of the U.S. The theory is represented in a bell curve showing the sudden rise in discovery of oil reserves declining gradually as the rate of reservoir discovery slows down. Significant inferences have been made about the peak oil theory. Increase in oil prices will be intensely felt with respect to transportation of energy fuels. Air transport is likely to face a sad demise as it is heavily dependent on oil. Ultimately, the unfortunate picture demonstrates that the tourist-dependent areas will largely suffer because of the fall in the peak. Higher transportation costs signal higher food costs; we are not self-sufficient societies anymore hence, industrial agriculture will suffer. This on the contrary means that the organic foods department will thrive on its own because it is not dependent on oil as much. Peak oil theorists predict the aforementioned possibilities . Expert analysts delve into the evaluation and usefulness of alternative energy sources in the long-run. The alternative sources need to be cost effective; these can be divided into liquid biofuels and other category which involves hydrogen and electricity. Biofuels can easily enter into the transportation market in the next decade. Biofuels have their environmental advantages as well which gives them an edge over petroleum. Experts are still discovering the potential uses of carbon cars, sticks and carrots, hydropower, solar energy etc. The need of the hour is to subsidize agencies and organizations to make efficacious use of these resources (Kopp, 2006). The research analysts studying oil and gas management also focus on the extent to which U.S and other oil producing countries are dependent on OPEC, a prestigious corporation. OPEC plays a major role in determining the prices of oil and

Special Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Special Education - Essay Example The term low-incidence disability is used to refer to these individuals, because the occurrence of such disabilities is less than 1% of the general population (Horner, Albin, Todd & Sprague, 2006). The numbers of students with such disabilities are accordingly less. But the important consideration for these students is the support that is required to help them participate in the community and to live a decent life similar to that of other citizens. Such students will need support for mobility, communication, self-care and learning (Horner, et al., 2006). While these students may have the capacity to learn, they must have lifelong support as well. Because legislation provides for the education of all students, these individuals must be educated to the levels of their abilities (No Child Left Behind Act of 2001). There's a need for providing them an opportunity to function without the stereotypes that exist about their potential. Students who can learn language acquisition skills can be taught the standards as required in the functional academics standards. There are three levels of language for students with severe disabilities: pre-symbolic, early symbolic and expanded symbolic (Horner, et al., 2006). Because some students are not able to respond to words and pictures, there is also a stage called non-symbolic. Non-symbolic communication can involve the use of technology to attract a student's attention. Daily routines can be established to interest students in books on tapes, artwork, writing and drawing centers. One way to teach students is with picture "reading." Picture communication boards are available to provide a means for students to indicate preferences of their needs and wants. Picture boards can be individualized so that specific students use their own boards to show the teachers what they want to do or what they need. This provides the teacher with direct information about the student's needs, rather than having to guess about the problem at hand. Because of their exceptionalities, students with low-incidence disabilities are usually educated in a setting designed for their support. Without this special setting, these students may not receive the appropriate educational program required. Many school districts have created facilities to provide educational opportunities for students between the ages of 16 and 21. Certified teachers must serve this population. Without appropriate training, many special education teachers find it difficult to teach such students. Also, opportunities for mastery of objectives by the students are limited because of their disabilities. Sustained efforts on the part of the teachers results in good achievement for the students in the classroom. The problem for teachers is to find ways and means to modify their teaching techniques and students' behaviors to produce learning. There must be a strictly defined plan for all students who are included in this group through the required Individualized Educati onal Plan (IEP). Also, there must be some methodology for intervening to produce mastery of standards. Students in this group are often difficult to teach and to control. Sometimes their undesirable behavior prevents them from learning. The primary problem

Mid-term history exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Mid-term history exam - Essay Example In fact, fabrics made in the home with techniques that remained largely unchanged since the Middle Ages. The machines used within the home to make textile fabrics were small and either hand-powered or powered by hand. The Industrial Revolution, however, replaced these hand-powered machines with coal and put the manufacturing responsibilities in the hands of a centralized factory system (Backer). These coal-powered technologies, along with the steam engine, are the most commonly cited cause of the Industrial Revolution (Hudson). James Watt’s development of the steam engine allowed the transformation of fuel into mechanical work, which quickly became a staple instrument in a variety of different industries including powering locomotives, ships, textile machines, and automobiles. However, other explanations may aid in explaining why the Revolution occurred. One theory states that capitalism is responsible for the Revolution, insofar as capitalism incited merchants to take more co ntrol over their workers. When workers were paid a piecework rate in a factory, as opposed to the home, workers would produce more in order to have a better lifestyle. Centralization of material production into factories was the inevitable result of the capitalist system (Backer). Another theory looks at the differences in scientific knowledge between countries and tries to look at the Revolution in terms of what countries and cultures were able to think â€Å"mechanically† (Backer). In need, one of the first countries capable of such â€Å"mechanical† thinking was Great Britain, which is commonly believed to have been the first country to industrialize. In the case of England, science and dissemination of practical scientific knowledge played a large role. At that time, the new science of Newton was clearly associated with applied science. Those scientists disseminated their knowledge to an interested public for commercial and practical reasons through talks like the famous Boyle lectures and by various scientific societies like the Royal Society of London (Hudson). In many ways, the development of science in England and the development of industrialization in England were inextricably tied together. â€Å"By the end of the century it was simply assumed that the mechanization of manufacturing, and hence of labor, required a working knowledge of Newtonian science† (Jacob 167). Also, the concentration of knowledge into the limited land mass of the British isle may also have played a role in contributing to industrialization. Even though England was a source of new scientific knowledge, it would have been difficult to disseminate that knowledge if the country was less densely populated like continental Europe (Jacob 160-163). The Industrial Revolution left a number of social effects on England throughout the rest of the 19th and 20th centuries. For one, it led to the birth of the modern factory and, consequently, the modern city that develop ed around the factories. These factory towns brought in employees from all of the country looking for opportunities in the new industrialized world. A negative consequence of this was, of course, child labor. Child mortality rates increased throughout the industrialization period because parents would send their children off to dangerous employment in specialized tasks within the factories (Hudson). Although child labor existed prior to industrialization, it became a present phenomenon in society, in which children as young as four